Evet\u2026
\nBabil Kulesi \u00f6rne\u011fi, yine BILIM\u2026
\n\u0130nsan ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri\u2026
\nK\u00f6le etmi\u015f Yahudileri\u2026
\n>>> Nemrud <<<
\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere Babil Kulesinde\u2026
\nVe hayatlar\u0131nda ILK DEFA basamak piramidi g\u00f6ren Yahudiler yap\u0131n\u0131n bitmedi\u011fini sanm\u0131\u015f\u2026
\nVe Tevrat\u2019a ve \u0130ncil\u2019e\u2026
\nVe Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerime b\u00f6yle ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ge\u00e7en.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan\u2026
\nVe alg\u0131s\u0131 ama do\u011fru ama yanl\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n
\u201cB\u00c2B\u0130L
\nEski Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fehri.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcellif:
\nSARGON ERDEM
\nAkkadca \u201ctanr\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen B\u00e2bil ad\u0131 (b\u00e2b \u201ckap\u0131\u201d, ili \u201ctanr\u0131n\u0131n\u201d), \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eece\u2019de B\u00e2bel\/B\u00e2vel, Pers\u00e7e\u2019de Babiru\u015f ve Grek\u00e7e\u2019de Babylon \u015fekillerinde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehrin ad\u0131na ilk defa mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nce III. biny\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na ait Akkad vesikalar\u0131nda rastlan\u0131r; ancak kurulu\u015funun \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fehrin ilk ad\u0131 Sumerce Ka-dingir-ra\u2019d\u0131r (ka \u201ckap\u0131\u201d, dingir \u201ctanr\u0131\u201d, -ra \u201c-n\u0131n\u201d) ve B\u00e2bil\u2019in bu isimden Akkadca\u2019ya yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir terc\u00fcme oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletin verdi\u011fi bilgiye g\u00f6re Sumer \u015fehir-devletlerini y\u0131karak S\u00e2m\u00ee Akkad \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kurmu\u015f olan Akkadl\u0131 Sargon (m.\u00f6. XXIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l) B\u00e2bil\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irip tahrip etmi\u015f ve m\u00e2bedlerinden kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131 heykellerini, kendi ba\u015f\u015fehri Akkad\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na kurdu\u011fu yeni B\u00e2bil \u015fehrine g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Laessoe, s. 25). Bu bilgiden, ilk B\u00e2bil\u2019in eski bir Sumer \u015fehri oldu\u011fu ve Akkadlar taraf\u0131ndan tamamen tahrip edilerek kendi dillerinde yine ayn\u0131 anlama gelen yeni bir isimle \u015fimdiki harabelerinin bulundu\u011fu yere tekrar kuruldu\u011fu sonucu elde edilmekte, ayr\u0131ca bug\u00fcne kadar yeri tesbit edilemeyen fakat B\u00e2bil yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu bilinen Akkad \u015fehrinin de B\u00e2bil harabelerini olu\u015fturan tepelerden birinin alt\u0131nda bulunabilece\u011fi ihtimaline var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (NBD, s. 117). Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re de B\u00e2bil, N\u00fbh t\u00fbfan\u0131ndan sonra ilk kudretli adam olan Nemrud\u2019un krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sinear (Sumer) \u00fclkesindeki d\u00f6rt \u015fehirden biridir (Tekv\u00een, 10\/10).
\nB\u00e2bil\u2019in en az 2000 y\u0131l devam etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lan tarih\u00ee \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca safhalar\u0131n\u0131 Amurrular (Eski B\u00e2bil Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, m.\u00f6. 1894-1595), Kassitler (1595-1174), Asur h\u00e2kimiyeti (745-626) Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler (Kaldeliler [Yeni B\u00e2bil Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131] 626-539), Ahamen\u00eeler (\u0130ran h\u00e2kimiyeti, 539-332) ve \u0130skender-Selevki (332-275) d\u00f6nemleri te\u015fkil etmektedir. Bu tarih\u00ee safhalar i\u00e7inde \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan iki devir, en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 kanunlar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc Hammurabi olan Amurrular ile Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Mukaddes ve Herodot Tarihi\u2019nde \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131lan Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler devirleridir. B\u00e2bil\u2019e en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fatan Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler, imar faaliyetleriyle ve bilhassa d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi h\u00e2rikas\u0131ndan biri kabul edilen B\u00e2bil\u2019in asma bah\u00e7elerini ve daha sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in de i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc muhte\u015fem saray\u0131 yapt\u0131rmakla \u00fcnl\u00fc II. Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n (605-562; bk. BUHTUNNASR) \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra h\u0131zla siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve 539 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pers Kral\u0131 Kyros (559-530) taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tarih boyunca pek \u00e7ok defa ele ge\u00e7irilen B\u00e2bil her seferinde tahrip edilmesine mukabil \u00fcnl\u00fc B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nin azameti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fclenen Kyros taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lmay\u0131p onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l sonra ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir isyan \u00fczerine \u015fehri tekrar zapteden Xerxes\u2019in (486-465) emriyle, ba\u015fta surlar\u0131 ve kulesi olmak \u00fczere hemen tamam\u0131 tahrip edilmi\u015ftir (478). Daha sonra, B\u00e2bil\u2019i imparatorlu\u011funun ba\u015f\u015fehri yapan B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender (336-323) kulenin molozlar\u0131n\u0131 iki ayda 10.000 ki\u015fiye temizleterek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir onar\u0131m faaliyetine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fsa da bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine durmu\u015ftur. \u015eehir I. Seleukos\u2019un (305-280) Dicle kenar\u0131nda yeni ba\u015f\u015fehir Seleukeia\u2019y\u0131 kurmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015f, 275 y\u0131l\u0131nda da I. Antiokhos\u2019un (281-260) emriyle ahalisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yeni ba\u015f\u015fehre nakledilmesi \u00fczerine yava\u015f yava\u015f harap olarak mil\u00e2ttan sonra II. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda tamamen metruk hale gelmi\u015ftir.
\nBa\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n 88 km. g\u00fcneyindeki Hille kasabas\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ve B\u00e2bil, Kasr, \u2018Amran \u0130bn Ali, \u0130sn\u00fc\u2019l-Esved, C\u00fcmc\u00fcme, H\u00fcmeyra ve Merkez adl\u0131 yedi tepe \u00fczerine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n B\u00e2bil\u2019e ait oldu\u011fu Araplar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok eskiden beri biliniyor ve bu y\u00f6reye Atl\u00e2l\u00fc B\u00e2bil (B\u00e2bil harabeleri) deniliyordu. Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n bu durumu \u00f6\u011frenmeleri ise ancak yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flarda olmu\u015f ve harabelerin ilm\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve kaz\u0131lara konu te\u015fkil etmesi XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 eski Arap yazarlar\u0131 B\u00e2bil hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermekte iseler de bu bilgiler \u00e7ok m\u00fcbala\u011fal\u0131 ve efsanelerle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in pek fazla bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131mamaktad\u0131rlar. Mesel\u00e2 \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Kelb\u00ee, \u015fehrin 12 \u00d7 12 fersah (60 \u00d7 60 km.) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde bir alan\u0131 kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edildi\u011fini ve F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n sular\u0131n\u0131n \u015fehrin surlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Buhtunnasr taraf\u0131ndan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc nehir yata\u011f\u0131na ak\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte ise as\u0131l \u015fehrin sadece 1000 hektarl\u0131k bir alan\u0131 kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lmay\u0131p bilakis ba\u015f\u015fehir yap\u0131larak onar\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Buhtunnasr\u2019\u0131n da F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi\u011fi, hatta Herodot\u2019un (\u00f6. m.\u00f6. 425) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Kyros\u2019un \u015fehri nehir yolundan fethetti\u011fi bilinmektedir. \u00d6te yandan Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Fid\u00e2 Hz. \u0130br\u00e2him\u2019in Nemrut taraf\u0131ndan B\u00e2bil\u2019de ate\u015fe at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, el-Bekr\u00ee de B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019ni Nemrud\u2019un yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kulenin Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n \u201cOnlardan \u00f6ncekiler d\u00fczen kurmu\u015flard\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Allah binalar\u0131n\u0131n temelini \u00e7\u00f6kertti de tavanlar\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131na y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Azap onlara farketmedikleri yerden geldi\u201d (en-Nahl 16\/26) \u00e2yetinde bahsedilen bina oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n bilgilere \u0130bn Havkal ile Kazv\u00een\u00ee\u2019de rastlan\u0131r. \u0130bn Havkal kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda (X. y\u00fczy\u0131l) B\u00e2bil\u2019in, \u00fczerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00f6y bulunan harabelerden ibaret oldu\u011funu, oradaki yap\u0131lar\u0131n Irak\u2019takilerin en eskilerini te\u015fkil etti\u011fini, \u015fehrin Ken\u2018\u00e2n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulup saltanat merkezi ittihaz edildi\u011fini ve kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerin ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fini, B\u00e2bil yak\u0131n\u0131nda Hille\u2019de kad\u0131l\u0131k yapan Kazv\u00een\u00ee de (\u00f6. 1283) harabelerdeki tu\u011flalar\u0131n halk taraf\u0131ndan in\u015faatlarda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedir (Arap yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n verdikleri bilgiler i\u00e7in bk. topluca \u0130A, II, 177-179; EI2 [\u0130ng.], I, 846). Yap\u0131lan ilm\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bug\u00fcn de ad\u0131na B\u00e2bil denilen, Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n kuzey saray\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepede bir Abb\u00e2s\u00ee yerle\u015fim merkezinin bulundu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00e2bil\u2019in binalar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen tu\u011fladan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, \u015fehrin terkedilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nce III. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan harabelerinin yak\u0131n y\u0131llarda koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na kadar, b\u00f6lge sakinlerince muazzam bir tu\u011fla oca\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen bug\u00fcn sistemli arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar, kaz\u0131larda bulunan \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerle tabletler \u00fczerine \u00e7izilmi\u015f planlar ve bir s\u00fcre burada kalan Herodot gibi yazarlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar sayesinde \u015fehrin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 son \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131ndaki bi\u00e7imiyle tesbit edilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nKaz\u0131larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan mimari eserlerin hemen tamam\u0131 Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019den kalmad\u0131r ve daha eski d\u00f6nemlere ait yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli fetihler sonucu meydana gelen y\u0131k\u0131mlarla II. Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fti\u011fi imar faaliyetleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yok edilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00e2bil\u2019i bir kanallar \u015fehri haline getiren, Herodot\u2019un efsanev\u00ee krali\u00e7e Semiramis taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u00fcnl\u00fc su kanallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun ise Hammurabi d\u00f6nemine ait oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kaz\u0131lar sonunda tesbit edildi\u011fine g\u00f6re Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler devrindeki B\u00e2bil, bug\u00fcn yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek harabelerin biraz uza\u011f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n iki yakas\u0131nda 1000 hektarl\u0131k dikd\u00f6rtgen planl\u0131 bir arazi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde derin bir hendek bulunan, d\u0131\u015ftaki yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 m., i\u00e7teki 6,5 m. kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olan \u00e7ift s\u0131ral\u0131 surlarla koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u015fehrin F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda kalan ana kesimi, sonradan surlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan mahallelerle bunlar\u0131n kuzeyine in\u015fa edilen II. Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n saray\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde, iki ucu F\u0131rat\u2019a varan 18 km. uzunlu\u011fundaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir surla daha \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Kaz\u0131lar sonunda, Herodot ile yine mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nce V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan Pers Kral\u0131 Kyros\u2019un hekimi Yunanl\u0131 Ktesias taraf\u0131ndan verilen bilgilerin \u00e7ok abartmal\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak yine de sekiz b\u00fcy\u00fck kap\u0131dan girilen B\u00e2bil\u2019in ellinin \u00fczerinde m\u00e2bedi, iki saray\u0131, birbirini kesen sokaklar\u0131, muntazam caddelerin a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f meydanlar\u0131 ve F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n iki yakas\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren, ta\u015f ayaklar \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f tarihin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ile eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehri oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Klasik yazarlar\u0131n, II. Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k Medya\u2019dan gelen e\u015fi i\u00e7in vatan hasretini dindirmesi amac\u0131yla yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131klar\u0131 asma bah\u00e7elerin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 kesin olarak tesbit edilememi\u015ftir. Ancak kaz\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ayaklara oturtulmu\u015f, ne olduklar\u0131 tam anla\u015f\u0131lamayan baz\u0131 tonoz ve kemerlerin bu bah\u00e7elerin teras alt yap\u0131lar\u0131 olabilece\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.
\nB\u00e2bil\u2019in Eski\u00e7a\u011f tarihinde klasik yazarlar\u0131 da etkileyen ve \u015fehri tasvir ederken m\u00fcbala\u011fa yapmalar\u0131na sebep olan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015f\u00f6hreti bulunmaktad\u0131r. Buras\u0131 daima, \u00f6zellikle semav\u00ee dinlerde insano\u011flunun kendini be\u011fenmi\u015fli\u011finin, Allah\u2019a ba\u015f kald\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, ahl\u00e2ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn merkezi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu inan\u0131\u015flarda ger\u00e7ek pay\u0131 bulunmakla beraber, II. Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nce 586\u2019da Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc tahrip ederek halk\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 B\u00e2bil\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi sonucu yahudilerin ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle \u201cB\u00e2bil esareti\u201dnin bitmesinden (m.\u00f6. 539) sonra da burada kalarak \u201cB\u00e2bil Talmudu\u201dnu (bk. TALMUD) kaleme alan din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n devam ettirdikleri menfi propagandan\u0131n da rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Mesel\u00e2 Eski Ahid\u2019in bir bab\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131, \u201cEy fahi\u015fe!\u201d diye hitap etti\u011fi Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ahl\u00e2ks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Hezekiel, 16\/1-63) ve tarihin herhangi bir d\u00f6neminde B\u00e2bil b\u00f6yle bir lakapla an\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde (IDB, I, 338), Romal\u0131lar devrinde kaleme al\u0131nan Yeni Ahid\u2019de kimli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanmadan k\u00f6t\u00fclenmek istenen Roma B\u00e2bil ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda tan\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u201caln\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n fahi\u015felerinin ve i\u011fren\u00e7liklerinin anas\u0131\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir kad\u0131na benzetilmi\u015ftir (Vahiy, 17\/5). B\u00e2bil\u2019in k\u00fcfr\u00fc ve Allah\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 dik ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sembolize etmesi ise B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.
\nB\u00e2bil Kulesi. B\u00e2bil, ad\u0131n\u0131n m\u00e2nas\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere din\u00ee \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehirdi ve burada gerek \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerin, gerekse klasik yazarlar\u0131n verdikleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere g\u00f6re Mezopotamya\u2019daki geleneksel m\u00e2bed kuleleri olan ziguratlar\u0131n (Akkadca zak\u0101ru \u201cdikilmek, y\u00fckselmek\u201dten) en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunuyordu. Bu zigurat\u0131n ne zaman yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmemekte ise de bir tablette Akkad Kral\u0131 \u015earkali\u015farri\u2019nin (2217-2193) B\u00e2bil\u2019deki zigurat\u0131 tamir ettirdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesi, B\u00e2bil\u2019in ikinci kurucusu Sargon taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini akla getirmektedir; ancak ad\u0131n\u0131n yine Sumerce olmas\u0131 (Etemenanki), ilk B\u00e2bil (Kadingirra) \u015fehrinde de bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Bu gibi tarih\u00ee konularda Ben\u00ee \u0130sr\u00e2il efsanelerini aynen benimseyen eski \u0130sl\u00e2m m\u00fcfessirlerine g\u00f6re de Micdel (k\u00f6\u015fk) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri B\u00e2bil Kulesi Nemrud taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn yerinde sahn (\u00e7ukur) denilen geni\u015f ve derin bir \u00e7ukurun yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 B\u00e2bil zigurat\u0131n\u0131, baz\u0131 Sumer \u015fehirlerinde nisbeten sa\u011flam vaziyette bulunan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck benzerlerine bakarak bilinen boyutlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde tasavvur etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. Kaynaklardan zigurat\u0131n 91 \u00d7 91 m. ebad\u0131nda bir kare taban \u00fczerine oturdu\u011fu, tamam\u0131 75 m. y\u00fckseklikte gittik\u00e7e k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen alt\u0131 kattan meydana geldi\u011fi ve tepesinde kat say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yediye, toplam y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 91 metreye \u00e7\u0131karan mavi s\u0131rl\u0131 tu\u011flalardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ba\u015ftanr\u0131 Marduk\u2019un hariminin, \u00e7evresinde ise m\u00e2bed kompleksi ile muhtemelen \u015fehre ad\u0131n\u0131 veren \u201cmukaddes kap\u0131\u201dn\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenilmektedir. Herodot, tepeye katlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015ftan dolanan bir merdivenle \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak bir yatak odas\u0131 \u015feklinde d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015f olan Marduk\u2019un harimine, tanr\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi b\u00e2kirelerden ba\u015fka kimsenin giremedi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r (I, 181-182). B\u00e2bil zigurat\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici azametiyle Mezopotamya sanatlar\u0131n\u0131 kuvvetle etkilemi\u015f, Asur dikili ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hemen tamam\u0131 bu \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee devirde de benzerlerinin dikildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mesel\u00e2 Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde Ba\u011fdat yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen S\u00e2merr\u00e2 Ulucamii\u2019nin Melviye (helezon) denilen minaresi, B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nin, y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok sonraki as\u0131rlarda dahi Mezopotamya halklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2f\u0131zalar\u0131nda ya\u015famaya devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. 3 m. y\u00fcksekli\u011finde, 33 \u00d7 33 m. ebad\u0131nda bir kare kaide \u00fczerine oturan ve tepe k\u0131sm\u0131 bir k\u00f6\u015fk g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde olan minareye, g\u00f6vdesini d\u0131\u015ftan saran 2,30 m. enindeki m\u00fcezzin yolu ile gittik\u00e7e daralan yedi katl\u0131 \u00e2bidev\u00ee bir kule \u015fekli verilmi\u015f ve minare bu hali ile B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nin yuvarlak g\u00f6vdeli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kopyas\u0131 durumunu alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme ait olan Ca\u2018feriye \u015fehrindeki Eb\u00fb D\u00fclef Camii\u2019nin minaresi de bu kulenin daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir benzeridir.
\nZigurat\u0131n tepesindeki mukaddes mahal sebebiyle Marduk m\u00e2bed kompleksine verilen Sumerce ad E-sag-ila\u2019d\u0131r ve kelime anlam\u0131, Tevrat\u2019taki \u201cba\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6klere eri\u015fecek kule\u201d ifadesine (Tekv\u00een, 11\/4) temel te\u015fkil edecek \u015fekilde \u201cba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 (g\u00f6\u011fe) kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f (y\u00fckseltmi\u015f) tap\u0131nak\u201dt\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Eski\u00e7a\u011f tarihinin en y\u00fcksek yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan B\u00e2bil zigurat\u0131n\u0131n bir de bu anlama gelen isme kaynak olmas\u0131, kule kavram\u0131n\u0131n Allah\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f kald\u0131rmay\u0131 g\u00f6stermesine sebep te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Ben\u00ee \u0130sr\u00e2il gelene\u011finde, Nemrud\u2019un Allah\u2019a kafa tutmak ve sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek bir kule yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 \u015feklinde yer alan bu k\u00fcf\u00fcr ve isyan motifi (\u0130A, IX, 192), Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de de Firavun\u2019un a\u011fz\u0131ndan, \u201cEy ileri gelenler! Si zin benden ba\u015fka tapacak bir tanr\u0131n\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na eminim. Ey H\u00e2m\u00e2n! Benim i\u00e7in \u00e7amur \u00fczerine ate\u015f yak (tu\u011fla yap) ve bana \u00f6yle y\u00fcksek bir kule yap ki M\u00fbs\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kabileyim\u201d me\u00e2lindeki \u00e2yetle dile getirilmi\u015ftir (el-Kasas 28\/38; el-M\u00fc\u2019min 40\/36-37).
\nB\u00e2bil Kulesi ayn\u0131 zamanda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve yetmi\u015f iki dilin, yani b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya dillerinin bir tek ana dilden t\u00fcremi\u015f oldu\u011fu yolundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bu sembol baz\u0131 ilim adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan delil olarak dahi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (TA, V, 15). Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re t\u00fbfandan sonra Sinear b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fen Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019un o\u011fullar\u0131, \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u00fczerine da\u011f\u0131lmayal\u0131m diye gelin kendimize bir \u015fehir ve ba\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6klere eri\u015fecek bir kule bina edelim…\u201d derler ve in\u015faata ba\u015flarlar. Ne var ki Allah, hepsinin bir kavim olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce anla\u015famas\u0131nlar diye dillerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve onlar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r; in\u015faat\u0131 yar\u0131m kalan \u015fehre de dillerin orada birbirine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 B\u00e2bil denilir (Tekv\u00een, 11\/1-9). Bu efsane b\u00fct\u00fcn ilim adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi\u011fi \u00fczere B\u00e2bil ad\u0131 i\u00e7in, kelime m\u00e2nas\u0131n\u0131n unutuldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eece b\u0101lal \u201ckar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak\u201d k\u00f6k\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan halk etimolojisinin bir hik\u00e2yeyle s\u00fcslenmesinden ibarettir. Ancak bu hik\u00e2yede ger\u00e7ek pay\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve ba\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6klere y\u00fckselen kulesi ile Allah\u2019a isyan\u0131 sembolize eden B\u00e2bil\u2019in m\u00e2zisindeki, d\u00fc\u015fman taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilip bir k\u0131s\u0131m halk\u0131n\u0131n tehcir edilmesi olaylar\u0131ndan birine telmihte bulunuldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret merkezi ve en kozmopolit \u015fehri olan B\u00e2bil\u2019in en kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ahaliye sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler devridir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k saray\u0131ndaki kit\u00e2belerden, bu devirde bir k\u0131sm\u0131 benli\u011fini yitirmi\u015f vaziyette 2000 y\u0131ldan beri birlikte ya\u015fayan Sumer, Akkad, Guti, Amurru, Kassit, \u00c2r\u00e2m\u00ee, Asurlu gibi kavimlerin \u00fczerine, II. Nebukadnezzar\u2019\u0131n Kud\u00fcs yahudilerinin tamam\u0131 ile zaptetti\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerden \u015fehrin imar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle zigurat\u0131n onar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in esir i\u015f\u00e7iler ve Filistinli, Fenikeli, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131, \u0130yonyal\u0131, Elaml\u0131, Med ve Pers ustalar getirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenilmektedir. Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Mukaddes\u2019in bahsetti\u011fi, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tek olan dilin B\u00e2bil\u2019in ve kulenin yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli dillere, Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019un torunlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re de yetmi\u015f iki dile (Tekv\u00een, 10\/1-32) ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 efsanesinin b\u00f6yle bir ger\u00e7ekten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belli olmaktad\u0131r. Hz. Muhammed\u2019in de \u201cBen\u00ee \u0130sr\u00e2il yetmi\u015f iki f\u0131rkaya ayr\u0131ld\u0131; benim \u00fcmmetim ise yetmi\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 f\u0131rkaya ayr\u0131lacakt\u0131r, biri hari\u00e7 hepsi cehennemliktir\u201d (Tirmiz\u00ee, \u201c\u00cem\u00e2n\u201d, 18) me\u00e2lindeki hadisi ile bu efsaneye temas etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\nB\u00e2bil Kuyusu. B\u00e2bil, H\u00e2r\u00fbt ve M\u00e2r\u00fbt adl\u0131 iki melekle ilgili olarak (bk. H\u00c2R\u00dbT ve M\u00c2R\u00dbT) bir defa da Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de zikredilmi\u015ftir (el-Bakara 2\/102). Tarihi boyunca Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli astronomi ve astroloji-kehanet merkezlerinden biri olan B\u00e2bil\u2019in, \u00f6zellikle Keld\u00e2n\u00eeler ve Ahamen\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn de merkezi haline geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir (DB, s. 608). Kur\u2019an da s\u00f6z konusu \u00e2yette, k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmamalar\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla halka b\u00fcy\u00fc \u00f6\u011freten H\u00e2r\u00fbt\u2019la M\u00e2r\u00fbt\u2019tan bahsetmek suretiyle B\u00e2bil\u2019deki b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck faaliyetlerini z\u0131mnen dile getirmi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019an\u2019da bu iki mele\u011fin cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na dair herhangi bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen eski \u00d6n Asya efsanelerinin ve \u00f6zellikle Ben\u00ee \u0130sr\u00e2il rivayetlerinin tesirinde kalan pek \u00e7ok m\u00fcfessir ve tarih\u00e7i, bu iki mele\u011fin cins\u00ee arzuya kap\u0131larak su\u00e7 i\u015flediklerini ve bu sebeple de B\u00e2bil kuyusuna ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 as\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedirler. Fakat ne \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgelerde, ne Herodot ile Ktesias\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131nda ve ne de kaz\u0131larla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan B\u00e2bil kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda \u201cB\u00e2bil kuyusu\u201d ad\u0131yla temay\u00fcz edebilecek \u00f6nemli bir kuyu izine rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nin yerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ve derin bir \u00e7ukur g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ve bu \u00e7ukurun, B\u00e2bil harabelerini as\u0131l tu\u011fla deposu haline getiren zigurat\u0131n yerinde, as\u0131rlarca s\u00fcren tu\u011fla ya\u011fmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu temelinin de s\u00f6k\u00fclmesi suretiyle a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ukurun derinli\u011fi ise eski B\u00e2billiler\u2019in, zigurat\u0131n bir benzerinin de yerin alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011funa dair olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (TA, V, 15) desteklemekte ve kuleye verilen Sumerce E-temen-an-ki ad\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131na (g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ve yerin temeli olan tap\u0131nak) da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan H\u00e2r\u00fbt ve M\u00e2r\u00fbt olay\u0131n\u0131n tefsirinde g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulan bir Ben\u00ee \u0130sr\u00e2il rivayetinde de \u015eamhozoy (Shemhazai) adl\u0131 bir mele\u011fin yine cins\u00ee g\u00fcnah i\u015fledikten sonra t\u00f6vbe edip ceza olarak kendini \u201cg\u00f6kle yer aras\u0131na ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ast\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Do\u011frul, s. 35, not 96; EI2 [\u0130ng.], III, 237). H\u00e2r\u00fbt-M\u00e2r\u00fbt efsanesine tam bir paralellik g\u00f6steren bu efsanede, g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r mele\u011fin kuyu yerine g\u00f6kle yer aras\u0131na as\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201ckuyu\u201d ve \u201cg\u00f6kle yer aras\u0131\u201d kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmekte, bu durum ise B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nin ger\u00e7ek ad\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cg\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ve yerin temeli\u201d anlam\u0131na \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m yapmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de ve orijinal kaynaklarda ad\u0131na rastlanmayan B\u00e2bil Kuyusu\u2019nun, \u00f6zellikle sahn adl\u0131 \u00e7ukurun etkisiyle yine B\u00e2bil Kulesi\u2019nden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f bir efsane motifi oldu\u011fu kuvvetli bir ihtimal halinde akla gelmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca B\u00e2bil Kuyusu tabirine, B\u00e2bil\u2019in bir ahl\u00e2ks\u0131zl\u0131k merkezi olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u201cB\u00e2bil bata\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcnah \u00e7ukuru, gayya kuyusu\u201d anlam\u0131nda mecazi bir de\u011fer eklemek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA
\nTirmiz\u00ee, \u201c\u00cem\u00e2n\u201d, 18.
\nMevl\u00e2n\u00e2, D\u00eev\u00e2n-\u0131 Keb\u00eer (n\u015fr. Abd\u00fclb\u00e2ki G\u00f6lp\u0131narl\u0131), \u0130stanbul 1957, I, 430.
\nE. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Darmstadt 1953, II\/2, s. 185-186.
\nJ. Laessoe, People of Ancient Assyria, London 1963, s. 25.
\nA. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, Chicago 1965, s. 48-63, 109-125, 153-163.
\nS. N. Kramer, The Sumerians, Chicago 1967, s. 137, 293-294.
\nA. T. Olmstead, History of Assyria, Chicago 1968, s. 337-357, 476-488.
\n\u00d6mer R\u0131za Do\u011frul, Tanr\u0131 Buyru\u011fu, \u0130stanbul 1980, s. 35-36, not 96.
\nAbdullah Aydemir, Tefsirde \u0130sr\u00e2iliyy\u00e2t, Ankara, ts., s. 136-161.
\nE. Herzfeld, \u201cB\u00e2bil\u201d, \u0130A, II, 177-179.
\nA. J. Wensinck, \u201cH\u00e2r\u00fbt ve M\u00e2r\u00fbt\u201d, \u0130A, V\/1, s. 305-306.
\nB. Heller \u201cNemr\u00fbd\u201d, \u0130A, IX, 192-194.
\nArseven, \u201cBabil\u201d, SA, I, 146-148.
\nW. von Soden, \u201cBabylon\u201d, RGG, I, 808-812.
\nT. Jacobsen, \u201cBabylon\u201d, IDB, I, 334-338.
\nF. E. Robinson \u2013 J. P. Hyatt, \u201cMagic, Divination, and Sorcery\u201d, DB, s. 608.
\nMy. J. Siff, \u201cBabel, Tower of\u201d, EJd., IV, 22-25.
\nM. E. L. Mallowan, \u201cBabylon\u201d, EBr., II, 948-950.
\nD. J. Wiseman, \u201cBabel\u201d, \u201cBabylon\u201d, \u201cBabylonia\u201d, NBD, s. 116-128.
\nG. Awad, \u201cB\u0101bil\u201d, EI2 (\u0130ng.), I, 846.
\nG. Vajda, \u201cH\u0101r\u016bt wa-M\u0101r\u016bt\u201d, a.e., III, 236-237.
\nG. Cardascia, \u201cBabylon\u201d, EIr., III, 325-326.
\nM. A. Dandamayev \u2013 G. Gnoli, \u201cBabylonia\u201d, a.e., III, 326-336.
\n\u201cBabil\u201d, TA, V, 13-17.\u201c<\/p>\n
Kaynak: Islam ansekopedisi<\/p>\n
* basamak yap\u0131tlar\u0131, basamak piramidi \u00f6rne\u011fin<\/p>\n
*<\/p>\n
Almanya 10:06 Evet\u2026 Babil Kulesi \u00f6rne\u011fi, yine BILIM\u2026 \u0130nsan ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri\u2026 K\u00f6le etmi\u015f Yahudileri\u2026 >>> Nemrud <<< \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere Babil Kulesinde\u2026 Ve hayatlar\u0131nda ILK DEFA basamak piramidi g\u00f6ren Yahudiler yap\u0131n\u0131n bitmedi\u011fini sanm\u0131\u015f\u2026 Ve Tevrat\u2019a ve \u0130ncil\u2019e\u2026 Ve Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerime b\u00f6yle ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ge\u00e7en. \u0130nsan\u2026 Ve alg\u0131s\u0131 ama do\u011fru ama yanl\u0131\u015f. \u201cB\u00c2B\u0130L Eski Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en \u00fcnl\u00fc … <\/p>\n
\nBrent petrol 51,18
\nYeninin yenisiymi\u015f\u2026
\nSikti\u011fiminim evlatlar\u0131!!<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"