Mart 1928\u2019de \u0130sm\u00e2iliye\u2019de Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 taraf\u0131ndan Cem\u2018iyyet\u00fc\u2019l-ihv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een ad\u0131yla kuruldu. 1932\u2019ye kadar S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 b\u00f6lgesindeki \u015fehirlerde pek \u00e7ok taraftar bularak \u015fubeler a\u00e7t\u0131. 1932\u2019de idare merkezi Kahire\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra \u00fclke d\u00fczeyinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye h\u0131z verilerek \u015fubelerin say\u0131s\u0131 bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ellinin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ve Filistin\u2019e de temsilciler g\u00f6nderilerek \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi buralarda da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n kurucular\u0131 ve davet\u00e7ileri \u015fube binalar\u0131nda, camilerde ve di\u011fer toplu yerlerde halka hitap ettiler ve davalar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131lar. 1933\u2019ten itibaren y\u0131ll\u0131k genel kongreler yapmaya ve bu kongrelerde strateji belirlemeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Kurulu\u015fun onuncu y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fcnasebetiyle Ocak 1939\u2019da toplanan be\u015finci kongrede ba\u015fkan Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131, davetini ve faaliyetlerini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 (bu konu\u015fma Ris\u00e2let\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fc\u02betemeri\u2019l-\u1e2b\u00e2mis ad\u0131yla bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). Bu d\u00f6nemde haftal\u0131k el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn gazetesiyle (1933-1938) en-Ne\u1e95\u00eer adl\u0131 dergi (1938-1939) yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n
II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler\u2019in yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130hv\u00e2n mensuplar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Te\u015fkil\u00e2t \u0130ngilizler\u2019in siyonist gruplarla i\u015f birli\u011fi yaparak onlar\u0131 sil\u00e2hland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sonu\u00e7ta da yahudilerin Filistin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip orada devlet kuracaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu sebeple 1940\u2019ta \u0130ngilizler\u2019i M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karmak ve Filistin\u2019i kurtarmak amac\u0131yla gizli bir m\u00fccahid ordusu olu\u015fturmay\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bu ordunun nizamn\u00e2mesi mahiyetindeki et-Te\u02bf\u00e2l\u00eem ris\u00e2lesini yay\u0131mlad\u0131. 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu sil\u00e2hl\u0131 kurulu\u015f en-Niz\u00e2m\u00fc\u2019l-h\u00e2s (el-Cih\u00e2z\u00fc\u2019s-s\u0131rr\u00ee) ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve sonuncu kongresi 9 Ocak 1941\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu tarihten sonra kurucu \u00fcyelerin toplant\u0131s\u0131 genel kurul kabul edildi. Bu son kongrede M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7tima\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee durumu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131, sonu\u00e7ta baz\u0131 te\u015fkil\u00e2t mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n parlamentoya girmek i\u00e7in aday olmalar\u0131na karar verildi. Bu yolla h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bask\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 ve yay\u0131n organlar\u0131na tedbir koymas\u0131 sebebiyle sekteye u\u011frayan faaliyetlerin yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 umuluyordu. Bu karar sonucu te\u015fkil\u00e2t ilk defa siyas\u00ee bir kurulu\u015f olarak se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi. 1942 se\u00e7imlerinde Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 ile kurucu \u00fcyelerden Abdurrahman N\u00e2s\u0131r adayl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koymak istedilerse de se\u00e7imler \u00f6ncesinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetle var\u0131lan anla\u015fma uyar\u0131nca vazge\u00e7tiler. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yeni \u015fubeler a\u00e7ma ve on be\u015f g\u00fcnde bir el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn (1942-1948) gazetesini tekrar yay\u0131mlama iznini ald\u0131lar. 1944 se\u00e7imlerinde \u0130hv\u00e2n mensubu alt\u0131 ki\u015fi aday g\u00f6sterildi; ancak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131lar. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra te\u015fkil\u00e2t sosyal ve ekonomik faaliyetlere de y\u00f6neldi; \u00e7ok say\u0131da ticar\u00ee, s\u0131na\u00ee ve zira\u00ee \u015firketle y\u00fczlerce okul ve sa\u011fl\u0131k oca\u011f\u0131 kurdu. Eyl\u00fcl 1948\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen XX. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc t\u00f6renlerinde ba\u015fkan Hasan el-Benn\u00e2, \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in faaliyetleri \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli bilgiler vererek yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u015fube say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 2000\u2019e, Sudan\u2019da elliye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Filistin, Do\u011fu \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye, Pakistan ve \u0130ran\u2019da \u015fubeler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti.<\/p>\n
Filistin meselesiyle de yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een \u00f6zellikle siyonizm tehdidine dikkat \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Filistin\u2019i kurtarmak i\u00e7in cihad \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131. 15 May\u0131s 1948\u2019de \u0130srail Devleti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan Arap-\u0130srail sava\u015f\u0131nda te\u015fkil\u00e2t mensuplar\u0131 fiilen yer ald\u0131lar. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc cihad hareketi Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve Amerika gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin tepkisini \u00e7ekti; bu \u00fclkelerin Kahire\u2019de bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck el\u00e7ileri h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019i da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131 tavsiyesinde bulundular. M\u0131s\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bunun \u00fczerine devlete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanma haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na ve b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131na karar verdi (8 Aral\u0131k 1948). Bu karar sert tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve yirmi g\u00fcn sonra Ba\u015fbakan Nukr\u00e2\u015f\u00ee Pa\u015fa \u0130hv\u00e2n mensubu bir gen\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 12 \u015eubat 1949 g\u00fcn\u00fc ise Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir suikasta kurban gitti. Nukr\u00e2\u015f\u00ee Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f\u0131na getirilen \u0130br\u00e2him Abd\u00fclh\u00e2d\u00ee, \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir bask\u0131 ve i\u015fkence politikas\u0131 uygulayarak alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde 4000 \u00fcyesini tutuklatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ocak 1950\u2019de Nehhas Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar yava\u015f yava\u015f hafifledi ve bundan istifadeyle ed-Da\u02bfve ad\u0131nda bir derginin yay\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131 (30 Ocak 1951). Bu d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli konu \u0130ngiliz birliklerinin \u00fclkeden \u00e7ekilmesiydi. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een tart\u0131\u015fmalara b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcyle kat\u0131larak Nehhas Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n politikas\u0131na destek verdi. Ancak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Hasan el-Benn\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n yerine kimin getirilece\u011fi konusunda \u00e7eki\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131 ve te\u015fkil\u00e2t sars\u0131nt\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi; Ekim 1951\u2019de Hasan el-Hudayb\u00ee\u2019nin g\u00f6reve ba\u015flamas\u0131yla i\u00e7 \u00e7alkant\u0131lar son buldu. Yeni ba\u015fkan, Nehhas Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 1936 tarihli \u0130ngiltere-M\u0131s\u0131r antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki karar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyerek \u0130ngilizler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 cihad \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu ve bu maksatla Kanal b\u00f6lgesinde milis birimleri kurulmas\u0131nda faal rol oynad\u0131. \u00c7ok say\u0131da \u0130hv\u00e2n mensubu bunlara kat\u0131ld\u0131. H\u00fcr Subaylar (ed-Dubb\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019l-ahr\u00e2r) hareketinin 23 Temmuz 1952\u2019de iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinde \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een darbecilere destek verdi ve d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn sonra yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir beyann\u00e2me ile bu eylemi \u201cm\u00fcbarek hareket\u201d olarak nitelendirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een ile H\u00fcr Subaylar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f ve sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda geli\u015ferek I. Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda omuz omuza \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130htil\u00e2lden sonra kurulan konseyle te\u015fkil\u00e2t aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131. Yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00fct\u00fcn partileri kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde (Eyl\u00fcl 1952) \u0130hv\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na siyas\u00ee bir kurulu\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle izin verdi. Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve izlenecek temel politikalar konusunda darbecilerle, bir \u0130sl\u00e2m devleti arzulayan ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee esaslara g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmesini hedefleyen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Nihayet \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in Niz\u00e2m\u00fc\u2019l-h\u00e2ss\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet program\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemesi \u00fczerine ili\u015fkiler kopma noktas\u0131na geldi. 15 Ocak 1954 tarihinde yay\u0131mlanan bakanlar kurulu karar\u0131yla te\u015fkil\u00e2t siyas\u00ee parti kabul edilerek kapat\u0131ld\u0131; ayr\u0131ca kurulu d\u00fczeni y\u0131kma ve \u0130ngilizler\u2019le gizli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapma gibi su\u00e7lamalarda bulunularak ba\u015fkan\u0131 ile bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nde gelen mensubu tutukland\u0131 ve aleyhinde y\u0131prat\u0131c\u0131 bir ne\u015friyat ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130htil\u00e2l konseyindeki ihtil\u00e2flar\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmesi ve General Muhammed Nec\u00eeb\u2019in 25 \u015eubat 1954\u2019te -kendisinin haberi olmadan- istifa etti\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine onu destekleyen halk \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde protestolara ba\u015flad\u0131 ve sonunda tekrar bakanlar kuruluna ve ihtil\u00e2l konseyine ba\u015fkan olarak d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu olaylar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan tutuklu bulunan te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131 ile \u00fcyeleri serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve ihtil\u00e2l konseyi te\u015fkil\u00e2ta y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcr diledi. Parlamenter sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015f il\u00e2n edilince bas\u0131ndaki sans\u00fcr kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve h\u00fcrriyetler geri verildi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmeleri memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131layan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, haftal\u0131k el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn gazetesini May\u0131s 1954\u2019te yeniden yay\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131; ancak gazete 12. say\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra tekrar kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
26 Ekim 1954\u2019te Cemal Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r\u2019a ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir suikast te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunulmas\u0131 \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Her ne kadar bunun bir tertip oldu\u011fu sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ysa da suikasttan sorumlu tutulan te\u015fkil\u00e2t kanun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 il\u00e2n edildi ve binlerce mensubu tutukland\u0131; 4 Aral\u0131k 1954\u2019te yedi lideri idam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m devletlerinin ricas\u0131 \u00fczerine ba\u015fkan Hasan el-Hudeyb\u00ee\u2019nin cezas\u0131 m\u00fcebbet hapse \u00e7evrilmekle birlikte di\u011ferleri idam edildi (9 Aral\u0131k 1954). Cezaevlerindeki tutuklu \u00fcyelere a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fkenceler yap\u0131ld\u0131; Ekim 1954\u2019ten 1955\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na kadar yirmi yedi ki\u015fi i\u015fkenceden \u00f6l\u00fcrken Haziran 1957\u2019de yirmi iki ki\u015fi g\u00f6revlilerin \u00fczerlerine a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayl\u0131m ate\u015finden \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een bu tarihten sonra faaliyetlerini yer alt\u0131na kayd\u0131rd\u0131. 1965 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda tutuklular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u015fartl\u0131 tahliyeyle veya sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 gibi sebeplerle serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda daha geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir tutuklama faaliyeti ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131; aralar\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu tutuklular\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 20.000\u2019i a\u015ft\u0131. Yarg\u0131lama sonunda yedi ki\u015finin idam\u0131na, 100\u2019den fazlas\u0131n\u0131n da de\u011fi\u015fik s\u00fcrelerde hapsedilmelerine karar verildi. \u0130dam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lanlardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n cezas\u0131 m\u00fcebbet hapse \u00e7evrilirken F\u00ee \u1e92\u0131l\u00e2li\u2019l-\u1e32ur\u02be\u00e2n adl\u0131 tefsirin m\u00fcellifi Seyyid Kutub ile Y\u00fbsuf Hevv\u00e2\u015f ve Abd\u00fclfett\u00e2h \u0130sm\u00e2il\u2019in cezalar\u0131 29 A\u011fustos 1966\u2019da infaz edildi.<\/p>\n
Cemal Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden (28 Eyl\u00fcl 1970) sonra yerine se\u00e7ilen Enver Sedat, hapisteki \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 kademeli olarak serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve 1970-1978 aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde bir d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7irildi. 15 Ekim 1971\u2019de serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan Hasan el-Hudeyb\u00ee\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine (8 Kas\u0131m 1973) te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n liderli\u011fi \u00d6mer et-Tilims\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019ye ge\u00e7ti. Yasal bir \u00f6rg\u00fct say\u0131lmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, eskisi gibi davet faaliyetlerine giri\u015ferek Temmuz 1976\u2019da ed-Da\u02bfve adl\u0131 dergiyi tekrar yay\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu dergide bir\u00e7ok meseleyle ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor, \u00f6zellikle te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n resmen tan\u0131nmas\u0131, \u015fer\u2018\u00ee d\u00fczene ge\u00e7ilmesi, Enver Sedat\u2019\u0131n 1979\u2019da \u0130srail\u2019le imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u0130srail\u2019in devlet olarak tan\u0131n\u0131p Kahire\u2019de el\u00e7ilik a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n reddedilmesi gibi konularda yay\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1978-1981 d\u00f6neminde \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een ile M\u0131s\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri \u0130ran \u0130sl\u00e2m Devrimi ve M\u0131s\u0131r-\u0130srail Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 etkiledi. ed-Da\u02bfve dergisi 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1981\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu arada tutuklanan \u00d6mer et-Tilims\u00e2n\u00ee, H\u00fcsn\u00fc M\u00fcb\u00e2rek i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na geldikten sonra serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 (6 Ekim 1981). Onun d\u00f6neminde daha \u00e7ok siyas\u00ee faaliyetlere y\u00f6nelen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een tek ba\u015f\u0131na se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 1984 se\u00e7imlerinde yeni kurulan Vefd Partisi\u2019yle i\u015f birli\u011fine gitti ve parlamentoya alt\u0131 milletvekili g\u00f6nderdi. Tilims\u00e2n\u00ee May\u0131s 1986\u2019da vefat etti. Tilims\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019nin yerine getirilen Muhammed H\u00e2mid Eb\u00fc\u2019n-Nasr\u2019\u0131n Amel ve Ahr\u00e2r partilerinin \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1987 se\u00e7iminde bu say\u0131y\u0131 otuz alt\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131karan te\u015fkil\u00e2t 1990\u2019da ise sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 ile se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde \u00f6zellikle \u00f6\u011frenci ve meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndaki etkinli\u011fiyle rejimi endi\u015felendirecek derecede g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Ocak 1995\u2019te ter\u00f6ristlerle ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek \u00f6nde gelen liderlerinin tutuklanmas\u0131yla birlikte te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n rejimle olan ili\u015fkileri iyice gerildi. Kas\u0131m 1995\u2019te Kahire\u2019deki b\u00fcrolar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok mensubu hakk\u0131nda asker\u00ee mahkemede a\u011f\u0131r cezalar i\u00e7eren mahk\u00fbmiyet kararlar\u0131 verildi; ayr\u0131ca 29 Kas\u0131m 1995\u2019te yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmas\u0131 da engellendi. Muhammed H\u00e2mid Eb\u00fc\u2019n-Nasr\u2019\u0131n 20 Ocak 1996\u2019da vefat\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan yerine Mustafa Me\u015fh\u00fbr se\u00e7ildi ve al\u0131nan bir kararla ba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi hayat boyu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak tekrar se\u00e7ilebilmek kayd\u0131yla alt\u0131 y\u0131l ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve idar\u00ee yap\u0131s\u0131 bir kurulu\u015f yasas\u0131 ve bunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan i\u00e7 t\u00fcz\u00fck ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. En y\u00fcksek organ olan Genel \u015e\u00fbra Meclisi, Kahire\u2019deki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc toplant\u0131s\u0131nda (1935) \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een Nizamn\u00e2mesi\u2019ni onaylam\u0131\u015f, bu nizamn\u00e2me 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fray\u0131p \u1e32\u0101n\u00fbn\u00fc\u2019n-ni\u1e93\u00e2mi\u2019l-es\u00e2s\u00ee li-hey\u02beeti\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een el-\u02bf\u00e2mme ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra da \u00e7e\u015fitli tarihlerde yine baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Kurulu\u015f yasas\u0131n\u0131n maddelerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan i\u00e7 t\u00fcz\u00fck 2 Kas\u0131m 1951 tarihinde ne\u015fredilmi\u015ftir. Kurulu\u015f yasas\u0131nda 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe g\u00f6re te\u015fkil\u00e2ta \u00fcyelik iki kademeli olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir: Aday \u00fcye ve g\u00f6revli \u00fcye. Alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k bir s\u00fcrede \u00fcyelik liyakatini ispatlamak durumunda olan aday \u00fcyenin bu tarihten sonra ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini etmesine ve b\u00f6ylece te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n g\u00f6revli \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilir. Genel kurallara g\u00f6re \u00fcyelik \u015fartlar\u0131 on sekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmak, iyi hal ve g\u00fczel ahl\u00e2k sahibi olmak, \u0130hv\u00e2n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini iyice anlamak, her an verilecek g\u00f6revleri yerine getirmeye haz\u0131r beklemek ve her ay aidat \u00f6deyerek te\u015fkil\u00e2ta madd\u00ee katk\u0131da bulunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fl\u0131ca idar\u00ee organlar \u015funlard\u0131r: 1. el-M\u00fcr\u015fid\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2m (genel ba\u015fkan). 2. Mekteb\u00fc\u2019l-ir\u015f\u00e2di\u2019l-\u00e2m (genel ir\u015fad b\u00fcrosu). En y\u00fcksek idar\u00ee makam olup davetin icraat\u0131n\u0131 denetler, te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n siyasetine ve idaresine y\u00f6n verir. 3. el-Hey\u2019et\u00fc\u2019t-te\u2019s\u00eesiyye (kurucu heyet). Genel \u015f\u00fbra meclisini olu\u015fturur ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ir\u015fad b\u00fcrosunun genel meclisi say\u0131l\u0131r. Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n kad\u0131nlar kolunu temsil eden Firku\u2019l-ahav\u00e2ti\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00e2t ad\u0131ndaki komisyon ilk defa 1932\u2019de toplanm\u0131\u015f ve 26 Nisan 1933 tarihinde i\u00e7 t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda kapat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce elli \u015fubede kay\u0131tl\u0131 5000 \u00fcyesi bulunuyordu; 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise \u015fubelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 250\u2019yi a\u015ft\u0131. 1951\u2019de kad\u0131nlar kolu i\u00e7in yeni bir t\u00fcz\u00fck yay\u0131mlanarak e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve di\u011fer sosyal faaliyetlere kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha aktif bi\u00e7imde kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Mektebet\u00fc\u2019l-ir\u015f\u00e2di\u2019l-\u00e2mm\u2019e kad\u0131nlar kolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenciler, i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2lemiyle ileti\u015fim b\u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle mal\u00ee i\u015fler komisyonu ve siyas\u00ee komisyon ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki idar\u00ee yap\u0131s\u0131 birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak geli\u015fmekle birlikte M\u0131s\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u0130hv\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n en y\u00fcksek y\u00f6neticisine \u201cel-mur\u00e2k\u0131b\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2m\u201d denilmekte ve bu da onun hiyerar\u015fik olarak el-m\u00fcr\u015fid\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2mdan daha alt bir kademede oldu\u011fu intiba\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een siyas\u00ee, ilm\u00ee, sportif, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal alanlarda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir te\u015fkil\u00e2t olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7eride idarenin \u0131slah\u0131n\u0131, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerinin di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle olan mevcut ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00fczenlenmesini savunmu\u015ftur. Kurucusu Hasan el-Benn\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi toplumu ve devleti \u0131slah metodu kapsay\u0131c\u0131 olmak \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile temay\u00fcz etmi\u015ftir. Islah programlar\u0131n\u0131n fert, aile, toplum, devlet ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bir be\u015feriyeti i\u00e7ine almas\u0131na \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1928-1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ilk on y\u0131lda \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een b\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetlerini dersler, konferanslar, hutbeler ve t\u00f6renler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ideolojisini tan\u0131tmak ve toplum aras\u0131nda yaymak konusunda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maksatla seyahatler ve kamplar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, ris\u00e2le ve gazeteler yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck, haftal\u0131k ve ayl\u0131k yay\u0131nlardan en \u00f6nemlileri resm\u00ee organ olan ve \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck, haftal\u0131k ve on be\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak yay\u0131mlanan el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn gazetesi ve ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan dergi ile e\u015f-\u015eih\u00e2b, el-Ke\u015fk\u00fbl, et-Te\u02bf\u00e2r\u00fcf, e\u015f-\u015eu\u02bf\u00e2\u02be, en-Ne\u1e95\u00eer, el-Meb\u00e2\u1e25is\u0331, ed-Da\u02bfve, Menzil\u00fc\u2019l-vahiy, Minber\u00fc\u2019\u015f-\u015ear\u1e33, el-M\u00fcslim\u00fbn ve el-Men\u00e2r dergileriydi.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een ayn\u0131 zamanda iktisad\u00ee, i\u00e7tima\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee alanlardaki faaliyetlere de \u00f6nem vermi\u015f, E\u011fitim alan\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli merkezlerden olan Ezher\u2019in \u0131slah edilmesini, okullarda ve \u00fcniversitelerdeki ders programlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Bu arada anayasay\u0131 ve parlamenter sistemi baz\u0131 \u015ferhlerle kabul etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayarak \u00fcmmeti b\u00f6lmekte olan particili\u011fin ve b\u00fct\u00fcn siyas\u00ee partilerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015f, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, siyas\u00ee ve ekonomik bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan kurtulmak yolunda \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00fct\u00fcn Arap ve \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerinin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fmas\u0131 ve ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Filistin\u2019de \u0130ngiliz manda y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen m\u00fccadeleye destek olan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan teklif edilen Filistin\u2019in taksim tezini reddetmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n meseleleriyle de yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmi\u015f, M\u0131s\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n meselelerine e\u011filip onlara \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda destek vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA
\n\u0130shak M\u00fbs\u00e2 el-H\u00fcseyn\u00ee, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn: K\u00fcbra\u2019l-\u1e25arek\u00e2ti\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyyeti\u2019l-\u1e25ad\u00ees\u0331e, Beyrut 1952; Christina P. Harris, Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Moslem Brotherhood, London 1964; Muhammed \u015eevk\u00ee Zeki, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn ve\u2019l-m\u00fcctema\u02bfu\u2019l-M\u0131\u1e63r\u00ee, Kahire 1980; K\u00e2mil e\u015f-\u015eer\u00eef, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn f\u00ee \u1e25arbi Filis\u1e6din, Mans\u00fbre 1984; Muhammed Feth\u00ee Ali \u015ea\u00eer, Ves\u00e2\u02beil\u00fc\u2019l-i\u02bfl\u00e2mi\u2019l-ma\u1e6db\u00fb\u02bfa f\u00ee da\u02bfveti\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een, Cidde 1405\/1985; Fer\u00eed Abd\u00fclh\u00e2li\u1e33, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn fi\u2019l-m\u00eez\u00e2ni\u2019l-\u1e25a\u1e33, Kahire 1408\/1987; Zekeriyy\u00e2 S\u00fcleyman Beyy\u00fbm\u00ee, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn beyne \u02bfAbd\u00fcnn\u00e2\u1e63\u0131r ve\u2019s-S\u00e2d\u00e2t (1952-1981), Kahire 1408\/1987; Muhammed H\u00e2mid Eb\u00fc\u2019n-Nasr, \u1e24a\u1e33\u012b\u1e33at\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e2bil\u00e2f beyne \u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een ve \u02bfAbd\u00fcnn\u00e2\u1e63\u0131r, Kahire 1408\/1988; Ahmed Abd\u00fclmec\u00eed, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n ve \u02bfAbd\u00fcnn\u00e2\u1e63\u0131r, Kahire 1991; \u0130br\u00e2him el-Beyy\u00fbm\u00ee G\u0101nim, el-Fikr\u00fc\u2019s-siy\u00e2s\u00ee li\u2019l-\u0130m\u00e2m \u1e24asan el-Benn\u00e2, Kahire 1412\/1992; Hasan el-Benn\u00e2, Mecm\u00fb\u02bfat\u00fc res\u00e2\u02bei-li\u2019l-im\u00e2mi\u2019\u015f-\u015feh\u00eed \u1e24asan el-Benn\u00e2, Beyrut 1412\/1992; M. Deeb, \u201cContinuity in Modern Egyptian History: The Wafd and the Muslim Brothers\u201d, Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective (ed. J. P. Spagnolo), Oxford 1992, s. 49-61; H\u00e2le Mustafa, el-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00fc\u2019s-siy\u00e2s\u00ee f\u00ee M\u0131\u1e63r: min \u1e25areketi\u2019l-\u0131\u1e63l\u00e2\u1e25 il\u00e2 cem\u00e2\u02bfati\u2019l-\u02bfunf, Kahire 1412\/1992, s. 75-130; Hi\u015f\u00e2m M\u00fcb\u00e2rek, \u0130rh\u00e2biyy\u00fbn \u1e33\u0101dim\u00fbn: Dir\u00e2se mu\u1e33\u0101rene beyne mev\u1e33\u0131fi\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een ve cem\u00e2\u02bf\u00e2ti\u2019l-cih\u00e2d min \u1e33a\u017c\u0131yyeti\u2019l-\u02bfunf (1928-1994), Kahire 1995; Abbas H\u00e2mey\u00e2r, \u00cer\u00e2n ve\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn (trc. Abd\u00fclem\u00eer es-S\u00e2id\u00ee), Beyrut 1997; Z. Kaplinsky, \u201cThe Muslim Brotherhood\u201d, Middle Eastern Affairs, V\/12, New York 1954, s. 377-384; Aly Abd al-Monein Said \u2013 M. W. Wenner, \u201cModern Islamic Reform Movements; The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt\u201d, MEJ, XXXVI\/3 (1982), s. 336-361; Uri M. Kupferschmidt, \u201cThe Muslim Brothers and the Egyptian Village\u201d, AAS, XVI\/1, Jerusalem 1982, s. 157-170; G. Delanoue, \u201cIkhw\u0101n al-Muslim\u016bn\u201d, EI2 (\u0130ng.), III, 1068-1071; Denis J. Sullivan, \u201cMuslim Brotherhood in Egypt\u201d, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, New York 1994, III, 187-191.
\nMaddenin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc TDV \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi\u2019nin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da bas\u0131lan 21. cildinde, 580-583 numaral\u0131 sayfalarda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Matbu n\u00fcshay\u0131 pdf dosyas\u0131 olarak indirmek i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
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\nM\u00fcellif:
\nH\u0130LAL G\u00d6RG\u00dcN
\nM\u0131s\u0131r D\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een Hareketi. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren M\u0131s\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Suriye, Sudan, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, K\u00fcveyt, Yemen, Pakistan, Kuzey ve Orta Afrika ile Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde \u015fube a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi buralarda farkl\u0131 isimler alt\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Suriye. Frans\u0131z i\u015fgali alt\u0131ndaki Suriye\u2019de ilk \u015fubesini 1937\u2019de a\u00e7an te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n burada g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinde ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olan ki\u015fi Mustafa es-Sib\u00e2\u00ee\u2019dir. Kahire\u2019de \u00f6\u011frencili\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 ile tan\u0131\u015fan Sib\u00e2\u00ee, Suriye\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra 1945-1946 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6nceden mevcut olan baz\u0131 cemiyetleri \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131; kendisi de el-mur\u00e2k\u0131b\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2m se\u00e7ildi. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 1946\u2019da askerlerini \u00e7ekmek zorunda kalmas\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00f6netim krizi s\u0131ras\u0131nda aktif rol oynayan te\u015fkil\u00e2t, 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131larak halktan b\u00fcy\u00fck destek g\u00f6rd\u00fc. 1948\u2019de Araplar\u2019\u0131n Filistin\u2019de yenilgiye u\u011framas\u0131ndan sonra Bat\u0131 ile ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een \u015fehirlerdeki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Suriye\u2019de \u00fcst \u00fcste darbelerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l olan 1949\u2019da te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, siyas\u00ee faaliyetlerini devam ettirebilmek amac\u0131yla di\u011fer baz\u0131 organizasyonlarla birlikte el-Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-i\u015ftir\u00e2kiyyet\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyye\u2019yi kurdu. Bu d\u00f6nemde Suriye ihv\u00e2n\u0131nda h\u00e2kim olan \u0130sl\u00e2m sosyalizmi fikrini Mustafa es-Sib\u00e2\u00ee 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130\u015ftir\u00e2kiyyet\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kitapla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. 1954\u2019te \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yasaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra Suriye \u015fubesi siyas\u00ee faaliyetlerini durdurarak daha \u00e7ok e\u011fitime y\u00f6neldi. Bu arada Suriye, Irak, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Sudan \u015fubelerinin temsilcileri \u015eam\u2019da bir araya gelerek H\u00fcr Subaylar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve halk nezdinde bir kampanya ba\u015flatma karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mustafa es-Sib\u00e2\u00ee hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle yerini \u0130s\u00e2m el-Att\u00e2r\u2019a b\u0131rakt\u0131. Suriye\u2019nin 1958\u2019de iktidardaki Baas Partisi\u2019nin gayretleri sonucu M\u0131s\u0131r ile birle\u015fmesi, her iki devlette de siyas\u00ee partilerin ve onlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130hv\u00e2n te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n kapanmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. Bu y\u00fczden 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suriye\u2019nin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 destekleyenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een mensuplar\u0131 geldi ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra tekrar a\u00e7\u0131larak siyas\u00ee faaliyetlerine h\u0131z verdi; 1962\u2019de se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131l\u0131p parlamentoda on sandalye kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n
Baas Partisi\u2019nin yeniden iktidara gelmesinden (1963) sonra te\u015fkil\u00e2tla rejim aras\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze (2000) kadar s\u00fcren bir s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131 ve rejimin laik politikas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftiren te\u015fkil\u00e2t di\u011fer partiler gibi kapat\u0131l\u0131rken lideri \u0130s\u00e2m el-Att\u00e2r s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. 1967 \u0130srail yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan Suriye \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019i kendi i\u00e7inde rejimle olan ili\u015fkiler konusunda fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130s\u00e2m el-Att\u00e2r\u2019\u0131 destekleyen \u015eam grubu rejime kar\u015f\u0131 \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir davran\u0131\u015f sergilenmesini isterken Merv\u00e2n Had\u00eed\u2019in etraf\u0131nda olu\u015fan grup, Baas rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 sil\u00e2hl\u0131 bir cihad faaliyetinin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu. Bu fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bunal\u0131m 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. 1970\u2019te iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren H\u00e2f\u0131z Esed\u2019in din kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir politika uygulamas\u0131 rejimin \u015eam grubuyla ili\u015fkilerinin bozulmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furdu. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een 1973 anayasas\u0131nda devletin \u201cdemokratik, halk\u00e7\u0131 ve sosyalist\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak metne devletin dininin \u0130sl\u00e2m oldu\u011funa dair bir madde eklenmesi gerekti\u011fini savundu; bunu geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 boykotlar takip etti. Esed\u2019in politikalar\u0131nda baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklere gitmesinden ve 1973\u2019teki sava\u015f ortam\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n rejime kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerinde bir yumu\u015fama g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcyse de bu durum uzun s\u00fcrmedi ve Adn\u00e2n Sa\u2018deddin\u2019in 1975\u2019te el-mur\u00e2k\u0131b\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2m se\u00e7ilmesinden sonra ili\u015fkiler tekrar bozuldu. Esed\u2019in Haziran 1976\u2019da L\u00fcbnan\u2019daki i\u00e7 sava\u015fta m\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 M\u00e2r\u00fbn\u00eeler\u2019in yan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 hem Suriye halk\u0131n\u0131n hem de te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n tepkisine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve Esed M\u00e2r\u00fbn\u00eeler\u2019in, \u0130srailliler\u2019in, Amerikal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n ajan\u0131 olmakla su\u00e7land\u0131. Suriye\u2019nin L\u00fcbnan\u2019daki i\u00e7 sava\u015fa kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een de Esed rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 cihad a\u00e7\u0131p asker ve polislere sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. 1980 ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren bunlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 g\u00f6steriler ve grevler takip etti. Esed rejiminin te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n faaliyetlerine son vermek amac\u0131yla ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sert tedbirler \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn Suriye\u2019deki etkisini azaltmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi aksine halk\u0131n ve sivil kurulu\u015flar\u0131n ona olan deste\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine 7 Haziran 1980\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 49 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla te\u015fkil\u00e2ta \u00fcye olmak, hatta herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde onunla dayan\u0131\u015fmaya girmek yasakland\u0131 ve kanunu ihl\u00e2l edenlere \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 getirildi. 26 Haziran 1980\u2019de Esed\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir suikast giri\u015fiminde bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 \u0130hv\u00e2n mensubu tutukland\u0131 ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu olaylardan sonra te\u015fkil\u00e2t yeniden yap\u0131lanma ve taktik de\u011fi\u015fimine gitti. Ekim 1980\u2019de \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u00e7evresine toplayarak \u015eeyh Muhammed Eb\u00fb Nasr el-Bey\u00e2n\u00fbn\u00ee, Adn\u00e2n Sa\u2018deddin ve Sa\u00eed Havv\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde el-Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyye f\u00ee S\u00fbriye\u2019yi kurdu. Cephe daha ziyade, o g\u00fcne kadar \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een taraf\u0131ndan dile getirilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri benimseyerek bunlar\u0131 Bey\u00e2n\u00e2t ve M\u00ees\u0331\u00e2\u1e33 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda iki yay\u0131n halinde kamuoyuna duyurdu. Ancak Suriye y\u00f6netimi de y\u0131llardan beri s\u00fcren sil\u00e2hl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler ve grevler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sars\u0131lan otoritesini tekrar tesis etmek amac\u0131yla geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir faaliyete ba\u015flad\u0131 ve asker\u00ee birlikler 1982 \u015eubat\u0131nda te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n kalesi durumunda olan Hama \u015fehrine havadan ve karadan sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti; binlerce ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve \u015fehir tahrip edildi.<\/p>\n
Hama olaylar\u0131ndan sonra \u0130sl\u00e2m cephesi i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler vuku bulurken hareketin \u00f6nde gelenleri Suriye d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1980-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda geli\u015fen milletleraras\u0131 olaylar Suriye \u0130hv\u00e2n\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tavr\u0131 \u00fczerinde belirleyici bir rol oynad\u0131. \u00c2yetullah Humeyn\u00ee\u2019den bekledi\u011fi yard\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6remeyen Adn\u00e2n Sa\u2018deddin\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi grup Irak yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir tav\u0131r sergiledi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Suriye\u2019nin \u0130srail ile bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Esed rejimi \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir politika takip etme ihtiyac\u0131 duydu ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubunu hapisten \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde lider kadrosu de\u011fi\u015fen te\u015fkil\u00e2t da Esed\u2019in son politikalar\u0131n\u0131 olumlu kar\u015f\u0131layarak rejime kar\u015f\u0131 cihad \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 durdurdu.<\/p>\n
\u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Filistin. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in \u00dcrd\u00fcn kolu H\u00e2c Abd\u00fcllat\u00eef el-Kura liderli\u011finde 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda Salt \u015fehrinde kuruldu ve siyasete kar\u0131\u015fmamak \u015fart\u0131yla Kral Abdullah\u2019\u0131n onay\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131; 1948 Arap-\u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Bat\u0131 \u015eeria\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek siyas\u00eele\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. H\u00e2c Abd\u00fcllat\u00eef el-Kura\u2019n\u0131n 1953\u2019te vefat\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na Abdurrahman el-Hal\u00eefe ge\u00e7ti. Di\u011fer siyas\u00ee partilerin zaman zaman H\u00e2\u015fim\u00ee rejimi taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een me\u015fr\u00fb bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak kabul edildi ve faaliyetlerine izin verildi. \u00dcrd\u00fcn rejiminin hareketi kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla liderlerini tutuklamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1950 ve 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n genelde Kral H\u00fcseyin\u2019le iyi ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirerek onun kom\u00fcnist, Baas\u00e7\u0131 ve N\u00e2s\u0131rc\u0131 gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 izledi\u011fi politikay\u0131 destekledi. 1951 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren de se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve parlamentoda temsil edildi; 1962\u2019de Bat\u0131 \u015eeria\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn siyas\u00ee partiler se\u00e7imleri boykot ederken de bu boykota kat\u0131lmayan tek \u00f6rg\u00fct oldu. 1967\u2019de Bat\u0131 \u015eeria\u2019n\u0131n \u0130srail i\u015fgali alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131ndan sonra te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n baz\u0131 mensuplar\u0131 Filistin Kurtulu\u015f \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc saflar\u0131nda \u0130sr\u00e2il\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sil\u00e2hl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda ise b\u00f6lgedeki \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee hareketlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa paralel olarak tekrar g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren rejimin me\u015fruiyetini sorgulamaya ve icraat\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine rejim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlikeli g\u00f6r\u00fclerek baz\u0131 mensuplar\u0131 tutukland\u0131. Kral H\u00fcseyin\u2019in uzun bir aradan sonra 1989\u2019da se\u00e7imlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar vermesi te\u015fkil\u00e2tla ili\u015fkilerin yumu\u015famas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lan \u00f6rg\u00fct, parlamentodaki altm\u0131\u015f sandalyeden yirmi ikisini alarak % 40\u2019a varan oranda ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019e yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fteki di\u011fer partilerin de on iki sandalyeye sahip olmas\u0131 sonucunda parlamentodaki dengeler de\u011fi\u015fti ve kanunlar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a uygun hale getirilmesini savunanlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131. 1950 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren resm\u00ee kay\u0131tlarda din\u00ee bir hay\u0131r kurumu olarak ge\u00e7en te\u015fkil\u00e2t, se\u00e7im kanununun gerekli k\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine fikren kendisine yak\u0131n buldu\u011fu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zlarla birle\u015ferek \u015eubat 1993\u2019te Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-ameli\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee adl\u0131 siyas\u00ee bir parti kurdu ve 1993 se\u00e7imlerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sudan. Sudan, \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een ile 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da okuyan \u00f6\u011frenciler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rg\u00fct \u00f6zellikle \u00e7e\u015fitli siyas\u00ee partilere mensup \u00f6\u011frenciler aras\u0131nda taban buldu ve onun etkisiyle \u00f6nceden kom\u00fcnist gruplara yak\u0131n olan B\u00e2bikir Karr\u00e2r ve Muhammed Y\u00fbsuf\u2019la baz\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131 Hareket\u00fc\u2019t-tahr\u00eeri\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee\u2019yi kurdu. O d\u00f6nemde pop\u00fcler olan \u0130sl\u00e2m sosyalizmi fikrinden esinlenen bu iki lider, sosyalist bir \u0130sl\u00e2m devletinin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in propaganda yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Hareket\u00fc\u2019t-tahr\u00eeri\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee\u2019ye kat\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6\u011frenci kendisini ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130hv\u00e2n mensubu kabul ediyordu. Karr\u00e2r\u2019\u0131n \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een ile yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa muhalif olmas\u0131 grup i\u00e7inde tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bitirmek amac\u0131yla 21 A\u011fustos 1954\u2019te M\u00fc\u2019temer\u00fc\u2019l-\u00eed ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir kongre yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kongrede Sudan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn resmen kuruldu\u011fu il\u00e2n edildi ve el-mur\u00e2k\u0131b\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2m olarak Re\u015f\u00eed T\u00e2hir se\u00e7ildi. \u00d6nceleri \u0130ngilizler\u2019in Sudan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesi durumunda M\u0131s\u0131r ile birle\u015filmesini savunan te\u015fkil\u00e2t, M\u0131s\u0131r \u0130hv\u00e2n\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Cemal Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r\u2019a yap\u0131lan suikast te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan bask\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k y\u00f6n\u00fcnde fikir de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etme karar\u0131 netle\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca da Aral\u0131k 1955\u2019te el-Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyye li\u2019d-d\u00fcst\u00fbr\u2019u kurdu.<\/p>\n
General \u0130br\u00e2him Abb\u00fbd\u2019un 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbeden sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn siyas\u00ee partiler kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde din\u00ee bir hareket olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in faaliyetlerine izin verildiyse de 9 Kas\u0131m 1959\u2019da el-mur\u00e2k\u0131b\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2m Re\u015f\u00eed T\u00e2hir\u2019in di\u011fer baz\u0131 kesimlerin deste\u011fiyle asker\u00ee rejime kar\u015f\u0131 darbe haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giri\u015fti\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine yasaklama kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. 1964\u2019te General Abb\u00fbd\u2019un iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan halk hareketine kat\u0131lan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019i bundan sonra y\u00f6nlendiren ki\u015fi, Aral\u0131k 1964\u2019te daha geni\u015f tabana yay\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00ees\u00e2k\u0131\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee\u2019yi kuran Hasan et-T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee oldu. Siyas\u00ee konulara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veren te\u015fkil\u00e2t, \u00f6teden beri \u0130hv\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee anayasa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rarak \u015feriat\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 meselesini g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Arkas\u0131ndan da May\u0131s 1965 se\u00e7imlerine kat\u0131l\u0131p parlamentoya girdi ve S\u00e2d\u0131k el-Mehd\u00ee\u2019nin liderli\u011findeki Hizb\u00fc\u2019l-\u00fcmme ile birlikte \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee anayasa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 faaliyetlerini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
N\u00fcmeyr\u00ee\u2019nin asker\u00ee darbesinden (1969) sonra T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee dahil \u0130hv\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netim kadrosunda bulunan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcye yakaland\u0131 ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1971 Temmuzunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sol e\u011filimli bir darbe giri\u015fiminin N\u00fcmeyr\u00ee\u2019nin din\u00ee kesimle aras\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczelmesine yol a\u00e7mas\u0131, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda hapisten \u00e7\u0131kan T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019ye hareket alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmesi i\u00e7in ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131 ve \u00fcniversitelerdeki \u00f6\u011frenci dernekleri \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. 1973 anayasas\u0131nda hukukun ana kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2m oldu\u011funun belirtilmesinden sonra ba\u015flat\u0131lan kanunlar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi politikas\u0131 te\u015fkil\u00e2t taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi. 1977-1978 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bir mill\u00ee uzla\u015fma sa\u011fland\u0131. Bundan sonra \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye ve mensuplar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli mevkilere \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Hasan et-T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee, kanunlar\u0131n \u015feriata uygunlu\u011funu kontrol etme g\u00f6reviyle ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa getirildi (1979). Nisan 1984\u2019te kanunlar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi politikas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ola\u011fan \u00fcst\u00fc hal uygulamas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu\u011funda da \u201cmeh\u00e2kim\u00fc\u2019t-tav\u00e2ri\u2019\u201d (meh\u00e2kim\u00fc\u2019l-istisn\u00e2iyye) denilen \u00f6zel mahkemelerde \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130hv\u00e2n mensuplar\u0131 g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7leni\u015fi rejiminin otoritesini sarsacak boyutlara ula\u015f\u0131nca liderleri Mart 1985\u2019te \u00e7e\u015fitli bahanelerle tutukland\u0131. Nisanda ise te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla halk taraf\u0131ndan N\u00fcmeyr\u00ee iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Arkas\u0131ndan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een ile di\u011fer m\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplar\u0131n temsilcileri bir kongre d\u00fczenlediler ve el-Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-kavmiyyet\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyye\u2019yi kurdular. Cephe, Nisan 1986 se\u00e7imlerinde geleneksel partilerden Hizb\u00fc\u2019l-\u00fcmme ve Hizb\u00fc\u2019l-ittih\u00e2d\u00ee ed-d\u00eemukr\u00e2t\u00ee\u2019nin arkas\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc parti oldu. \u00d6nce muhalefette yer alan cephe, May\u0131s 1988\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcmetin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra kurulan yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmete kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Hasan et-T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee Adalet bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6revlerini \u00fcstlendi. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 30 Haziran 1989\u2019da Albay \u00d6mer Hasan el-Be\u015f\u00eer\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir asker\u00ee darbeyle devrildi. Be\u015f\u00eer y\u00f6netimi, takip etti\u011fi politikalarla Hasan et-T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee liderli\u011findeki el-Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-kavmiyyet\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyye\u2019nin deste\u011fini ald\u0131 ve yeni kurulan h\u00fck\u00fcmette \u00f6nemli bakanl\u0131klara getirilen cephe mensuplar\u0131 N\u00fcmeyr\u00ee\u2019nin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feriat\u0131n tatbiki \u00e7izgisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n
1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca Hasan et-T\u00fcr\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019nin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Be\u015f\u00eer\u2019den sonra ikinci \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi ve yetkileri daha \u00e7ok kendi elinde toplamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Be\u015f\u00eer\u2019i iktidar\u0131 konusunda endi\u015felendirdi ve parlamentoda \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan cephenin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayacak anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini g\u00fcndeme getirmesi \u00fczerine Aral\u0131k 1999\u2019da \u00fclke b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruma ve d\u00fczeni sa\u011flama bahanesiyle parlamentoyu kapatarak ola\u011fan \u00fcst\u00fc hal il\u00e2n etti.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een hareketi, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n tavr\u0131n\u0131 tesbite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u0131slah hareketinin bir devam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Cem\u00e2ledd\u00een-i Efg\u0101n\u00ee ve \u00f6\u011frencisi Muhammed Abduh\u2019la ba\u015flay\u0131p daha sonra liberal ve radikal e\u011filimlere sahip iki kola ayr\u0131larak devam eden \u0131slah hareketi fikr\u00ee seviyede kalm\u0131\u015f, bir halk hareketine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir. Radikal e\u011filimin temsilcisi olan Re\u015f\u00eed R\u0131z\u00e2\u2019dan etkilenen Hasan el-Benn\u00e2, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2leminin problemlerinin ancak toplumun \u0131slah\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilece\u011fine inanarak hareketini bu fikir etraf\u0131nda olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Hasan el-Benn\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n yeni olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 onun \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in tarifini, hedeflerini ve bu hedeflere ula\u015fman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 tesbit etti\u011fi metodu da do\u011frudan etkilemi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130hv\u00e2n mensuplar\u0131nca benimsenen ve \u00f6rg\u00fct tarihi boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmeyen bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve \u00f6\u011fretileri insanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnya ve \u00e2hiret i\u015flerini d\u00fczenler; \u0130sl\u00e2m hem inan\u00e7 hem ibadet hem din hem devlettir. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, \u00f6\u011fretilerinde Kitap ve S\u00fcnnet\u2019e ayr\u0131 bir vurgu yaparak \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 sah\u00e2benin, t\u00e2bi\u00eenin ve selef-i s\u00e2lih\u00eenin anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 asr\u0131n rengine de\u011fil asr\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n rengine sokmak gerekmektedir (Mecm\u00fb\u02bfat\u00fc res\u00e2\u02beil, s. 244). \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een Selef\u00ee, S\u00fcnn\u00ee, s\u00fbf\u00ee, siyas\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee, ilm\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sportif boyutlar\u0131 olan bir harekettir (a.g.e., s. 248-250). Benn\u00e2, hareketin hedeflerini esas ve \u00f6zel olmak \u00fczere iki grup halinde ele al\u0131r. Esas hedeflerinden birincisi, b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcman topraklar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetinden kurtar\u0131l\u0131p h\u00fcrriyetine kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131, ikincisi de bu h\u00fcr vatanda \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ge\u00e7erli k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131p \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee sosyal d\u00fczenin uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zel hedefleri ise \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplumun de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesiyle al\u00e2kal\u0131d\u0131r (a.g.e., s. 225 vd.). Te\u015fkil\u00e2ta kat\u0131lan bir ki\u015fi \u00f6nce kendi nefsini her y\u00f6nden \u0131slah etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcamal\u0131 ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee esaslara dayal\u0131 bir aile kurmal\u0131, sonra da emir bi\u2019l-ma\u2018r\u00fbf nehiy ani\u2019l-m\u00fcnker ilkesini yerine getirerek toplumu d\u00fczeltmeye, \u0130sl\u00e2m topraklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, fikr\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee alanlarda emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcnden kurtarmaya, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee esaslara uygun, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fcmmetini koruyacak, birli\u011fini sa\u011flayacak, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 h\u00e2kim k\u0131lacak ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yayacak bir devletin kurulmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bozgunculu\u011fun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in cihad etmelidir (Said Havva, 50. Y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fler Te\u015fkilat\u0131, s. 231 vd.).<\/p>\n
Din\u00ee esaslara dayal\u0131 bir toplum modelini savunan \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een bunun b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in en uygun sistem oldu\u011funu vurgular. Din-devlet ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan te\u015fkil\u00e2ta g\u00f6re \u015feriat\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri b\u00fct\u00fcn zaman ve mek\u00e2nlarda tatbik edilebilir ve bu durum hem din\u00ee hem sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan bir zorunluluktur. \u0130sl\u00e2m b\u00fct\u00fcn emir ve h\u00fck\u00fcmleri birbirine dayanan m\u00fckemmel bir sosyal d\u00fczeni \u00f6ng\u00f6rmesinden dolay\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle uygulanmal\u0131, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131p bir k\u0131sm\u0131 terkedilmemelidir. \u015eeriat ve f\u0131k\u0131h ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde duran \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019e g\u00f6re f\u0131kh\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmler tarihsel olabilir, ancak \u015feriat b\u00fct\u00fcn zaman ve mek\u00e2nlarda ge\u00e7erlidir. \u0130ctihad kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli a\u00e7\u0131k tutulmas\u0131 ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n problemlerinin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmesine imk\u00e2n haz\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, geleneksel \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee siyaset telakkisini hat\u0131rlatan fikirleriyle hedefledi\u011fi sistemin teokrasi veya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck sistemi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. Buna g\u00f6re y\u00f6neticinin bir kutsiyeti bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Kur\u2019an ve S\u00fcnnet\u2019te belirtilen emirler de hem devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hem y\u00f6netilenler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Toplumun temsilcileri durumundaki ehl-i \u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 yine onlara dan\u0131\u015farak hareket eder ve onlar taraf\u0131ndan denetlenir. Hasan el-Benn\u00e2, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir ideal devlet modeli ortaya koymamakla birlikte genel hatlar\u0131yla baz\u0131 konular \u00fczerinde durmu\u015ftur. Ona g\u00f6re \u0130sl\u00e2m co\u011fraf\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131maz, kan ba\u011f\u0131na itibar etmez ve b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 tek bir \u00fcmmet sayar. Hil\u00e2fet \u0130sl\u00e2m birli\u011finin sembol\u00fc, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n bir \u015fi\u00e2r\u0131, halife de Allah\u2019\u0131n nizam\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Benn\u00e2\u2019ya g\u00f6re \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da siyas\u00ee idare, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n Allah\u2019a ve insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olmas\u0131, \u00fcmmetin birli\u011fi ve \u00fcmmetin iradesine sayg\u0131 duyulmas\u0131 prensipleri \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilir.<\/p>\n
Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 mevcut sistemde kendileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan neyin kabul edilebilir, neyin edilemez oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durmu\u015f ve onun bu tavr\u0131 daha sonraki y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Prensip olarak anayasal bir devlet d\u00fczenini benimsemekle birlikte Benn\u00e2 mevcut M\u0131s\u0131r anayasas\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019dan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a uygun olmayan noktalar i\u00e7erdi\u011fi i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fi kanaatindedir. Ona g\u00f6re ferd\u00ee ve \u015fahs\u00ee h\u00fcrriyeti koruyan, \u015f\u00fbra esas\u0131na dayal\u0131, kuvvetini milletten alan idarecilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerde millet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mesuliyetini beyan eden ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sultay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan anayasa h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n prensipleri ve idar\u00ee konulardaki kaide ve nizamlar\u0131 ile uyu\u015fmayacak y\u00f6n\u00fc yoktur. Bu sebeple anayasal d\u00fczenin yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee idare tarz\u0131na en yak\u0131n sistem oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir (Mecm\u00fb\u02bfat\u00fc res\u00e2\u02beil, s. 274). Hasan el-Benn\u00e2, anayasa hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu olumlu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 demokratik sistemlerin bir unsuru olan siyas\u00ee partiler hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6stermemi\u015ftir. Ona g\u00f6re anayasal bir parlamenter sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fi i\u00e7in partiler zorunlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bunlar bencilli\u011fi, insanlar aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 beslemektedir. Fakat \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, kurucusunun siyas\u00ee partilere kar\u015f\u0131 tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu olumsuz tavra ra\u011fmen 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren tekrar \u00e7ok partili sisteme ge\u00e7en M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kendine me\u015fruiyet zemini ararken \u00f6nce bir siyas\u00ee parti kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, buna izin verilmeyince de \u00e7e\u015fitli partilerle ittifaklar yaparak birlikte se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve mecliste temsil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee bir devlet d\u00fczeninde ekonominin de kendine has prensiplerinin bulundu\u011funu ve bunun ne kapitalist ne de sosyalist bir d\u00fczende oldu\u011funu savunur. Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131n bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri daha ziyade Seyyid Kutub\u2019un eserlerinde \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130sl\u00e2m, ekonomik hayat\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan sosyal adaletin tesisi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 prensip ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bunlar mutlak vicdan h\u00fcrriyeti, insanlar aras\u0131nda tam e\u015fitlik ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 dayan\u0131\u015fma prensipleridir (Seyyid Kutub, el-\u02bfAd\u00e2let\u00fc\u2019l-ictim\u00e2\u02bfiyye fi\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m, s. 32 vd.). \u0130sl\u00e2m ferd\u00ee m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131makla birlikte bunu s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z da b\u0131rakmaz. Mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti genelde her ne kadar topluma aitse de fert, m\u00fclkiyetindeki mal konusunda toplumun, toplum da her \u015feyin m\u00e2liki olan Allah\u2019\u0131n vekilidir. Fert mala kanunun koydu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde sahip olabilir ve sahip olmaktan \u00e7ok koruyuculuk yapar. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130sl\u00e2m mal\u0131n sarfedilmesi konusunda da s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een sosyal adaletin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda zek\u00e2ta \u00f6zel bir at\u0131fta bulunur; buna g\u00f6re zek\u00e2t taabb\u00fcd\u00ee ve i\u00e7tima\u00ee bir vec\u00eebedir (a.g.e., s. 90-114).<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n tam anlam\u0131yla uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir devlette ferdin bir dizi hak ve h\u00fcrriyetinin garanti alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019e g\u00f6re insanlar aras\u0131nda renk ve \u0131rk ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmayacak, m\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve zimm\u00ee ayn\u0131 g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluklara sahip olacak, bununla birlikte zimm\u00eelere kendi kanunlar\u0131 uygulanacakt\u0131r. \u0130badet, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, ifade, e\u011fitim ve m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 korunmu\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu haklar \u015fer\u2018\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli metotlar geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda, hedeflerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 takip edilmesi gerekenlerle \u0130sl\u00e2m toplumunun \u0131slah\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Hasan el-Benn\u00e2\u2019ya g\u00f6re emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 cihad etmek her m\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n \u00fczerine farzd\u0131r. Benn\u00e2 cihad hakk\u0131nda uzun a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunmu\u015fsa da bu konudaki fikirlerini sistemle\u015ftirmemi\u015ftir. Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 sil\u00e2hl\u0131 devrime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in rejimlerle aras\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ve \u00fcyelerinin \u00f6zellikle 1954\u2019ten itibaren Cemal Abd\u00fcnn\u00e2s\u0131r rejimi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fkencelere m\u00e2ruz b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra cihad anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 daha geni\u015f bir alana yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve fikirlerinde radikalle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Seyyid Kutub ile Hasan el-Benn\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerin de etkisiyle fikirlerinde farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Benn\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda C\u00e2hiliye veya d\u00e2r\u00fclharp gibi kavramlara rastlanmaz; Kutub ise d\u00fczeni C\u00e2hiliye saymakta ve ona kar\u015f\u0131 cihad edilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. Seyyid Kutub\u2019un fikirleri her ne kadar \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een\u2019in resm\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri de\u011filse de onun 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardaki \u0130hv\u00e2n hareketini y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi ve sonralar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da daha radikal \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir. \u0130hv\u00e2n-\u0131 M\u00fcslim\u00een, 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan sonra Hasan el-Benn\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n yolundan giderek rejimle uzla\u015fmac\u0131 bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve herhangi bir tekfir giri\u015fiminde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015ftan ve y\u00f6neticilere kar\u015f\u0131 cihad fikrinden uzak oldu\u011funu il\u00e2n etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA
\nHasan el-Benn\u00e2, Mecm\u00fb\u02bfat\u00fc res\u00e2\u02beili\u2019l-im\u00e2mi\u2019\u015f-\u015feh\u00eed \u1e24asan el-Benn\u00e2, Beyrut 1965; a.mlf., Hat\u0131ralar\u0131m (trc. M. Be\u015fir Eryarsoy), \u0130stanbul 1981; Seyyid Kutub, Yoldaki \u0130\u015faretler (trc. \u0130smail Nuri), \u0130stanbul 1980; a.mlf., el-\u02bfAd\u00e2let\u00fc\u2019l-ictim\u00e2\u02bfiyye fi\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m, Kahire 1987; Said Havva, 50. Y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fler Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (trc. Ramazan Nazl\u0131), \u0130stanbul 1980; a.mlf., el-Med\u1e2bal il\u00e2 da\u02bfveti\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een, Amman, ts.; J. Reissner, Ideologie und Politik der Muslimbr\u00fcder Syriens: Von den Wahlen 1947 bis zum Verbot unter Ad\u012bb a\u0161-Si\u0161akl\u012b 1952, Freiburg 1980; Raymond A. Hinnebusch, \u201cThe Islamic Movement in Syria: Sectarian Conflict and Urban Rebellion in an Authoritarian-Populist Regime\u201d, Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World (ed. A. E. Hillal Dessouki), New York 1982, s. 138-169; Umar F. Abd-Allah, The Islamic Struggle in Syria, Berkeley 1983; Olivier Carr\u00e9 \u2013 G\u00e9rard Michaud, Les fr\u00e8res musulmans Egypte et Syrie (1928-1982), Paris 1983; Olivier Carr\u00e9, \u201cThe Impact of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood\u2019s Political Islam Since 1950s\u201d, Islam Nationalism and Radicalism in Egypt and the Sudan (ed. G. R. Warburg \u2013 Uri M. Kupferschmidt), Praeger 1983, s. 262-280; Ahmed Abd\u00fclham\u00eed Halefullah, Fikr\u00fc\u2019t-terbev\u00ee ve ta\u1e6db\u00ee\u1e33\u0101t\u00fch led\u00e2 cem\u00e2\u02bfati\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een, Kahire 1404\/1984; Mahm\u00fbd M\u00fctevell\u00ee, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn ve\u2019l-\u02bfamel\u00fc\u2019s-siy\u00e2s\u00ee, Kahire 1989; Hasan et-Tur\u00e2b\u00ee, el-\u1e24areket\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2miyye fi\u2019s-S\u00fbdan: et-Te\u1e6davv\u00fcr ve\u2019l-kesb ve\u2019l-menhec, Hartum 1410\/1989; Osman Abd\u00fclmuiz Resl\u00e2n, et-Terbiyet\u00fc\u2019s-siy\u00e2siyye \u02bfinde cem\u00e2\u02bfati\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een, Kahire 1990; Safvet Mans\u00fbr, el-Menhec\u00fc\u2019l-fikr\u00ee li\u2019l-\u02bfameli\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee: el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn, Kahire 1991; Avn\u00ee Ced\u00fb\u2018 Ubeyd\u00ee, Cem\u00e2\u02bfat\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een fi\u2019l-\u00dcrd\u00fcn ve\u2019l-Filis\u1e6d\u00een: 1945-1970, Amman 1991; Abdelwahab el-Affendi, Turabi\u2019s Revolution: Islam and Power in Sudan, London 1991; Muhammed et-Tav\u00eel, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n fi\u2019l-barlem\u00e2n, Kahire 1992; Mahm\u00fbd Abd\u00fclhal\u00eem, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00fbn, \u0130skenderiye 1414\/1994, I-III; Hasan el-A\u015fm\u00e2v\u00ee, el-\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n ve\u2019s\u0331-s\u0331evre, Kahire 1977; Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad El-Awaisi, The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question 1928-1947, London-New York 1998; Asaf Hussain, \u201cA Select Bibliography of Some Important Source Materials in the English Language on the Ikhw\u0101n al-Muslim\u016bn\u201d, MWBR, I\/3 (1981), s. 57-60; Olaf Farschid, \u201cHizb\u012bya: Die Neuorientierung der Muslimbruderschaft Aegyptens in den Jahren 1984-1989\u201d, Orient, XXX\/1, Hamburg 1989, s. 53-73; Eyal Zisser, \u201cSyria\u201d, Middle East Contemporary Survey, XIX, Tel Aviv 1995, s. 596; XX (1996), s. 636-638; Hasan Y\u00fbsuf\u00ee E\u015fk\u00fbr\u00ee, \u201c\u0130\u1e2bv\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een\u201d, DMB\u0130, VII, 271-281; Philip S. Khory, \u201cMuslim Brotherhood in Syria\u201d, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, New York 1995, III, 191-194; Beverley Milton-Edwards, \u201cMuslim Brotherhood in Jordan\u201d, a.e., III, 194-197; Gabriel R. Warburg, \u201cMuslim Brotherhood in the Sudan\u201d, a.e., III, 197-201; \u0130br\u00e2him el-Beyy\u00fbm\u00ee G\u0101nim, \u201cHasan el-Benn\u00e2\u201d, D\u0130A, XVI, 307-310.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mart 1928\u2019de \u0130sm\u00e2iliye\u2019de Hasan el-Benn\u00e2 taraf\u0131ndan Cem\u2018iyyet\u00fc\u2019l-ihv\u00e2ni\u2019l-m\u00fcslim\u00een ad\u0131yla kuruldu. 1932\u2019ye kadar S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 b\u00f6lgesindeki \u015fehirlerde pek \u00e7ok taraftar bularak \u015fubeler a\u00e7t\u0131. 1932\u2019de idare merkezi Kahire\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra \u00fclke d\u00fczeyinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye h\u0131z verilerek \u015fubelerin say\u0131s\u0131 bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ellinin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ve Filistin\u2019e de temsilciler g\u00f6nderilerek \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi buralarda da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. … <\/p>\n