„Tevrat’a g\u00f6re babas\u0131 Lamek, \u201cRabbin l\u00e2netledi\u011fi bu toprak y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz … N\u00fbh’un \u0130dr\u00ees’ten sonra gelen ilk peygamber olup marangozluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da …“<\/p>\n
„N\u00dbH
\n\u0646\u0648\u062d
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck peygamberler aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan, kendisine inanmayan kavmi t\u00fbfan ile hel\u00e2k edilen peygamber.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcellif:
\n\u00d6MER FARUK HARMAN
\nAd\u0131 \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eece\u2019de N\u00f4ah, Yunanca\u2019da N\u00f4e \u015feklindedir. Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re babas\u0131 Lamek, \u201cRabbin l\u00e2netledi\u011fi bu toprak y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz eziyeti, harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z eme\u011fi bu \u00e7ocuk hafifletip bizi rahatlatacak\u201d diyerek (Tekv\u00een, 5\/29) o\u011fluna N\u00fbh ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. N\u00fbh\u2019un ilk defa \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirip \u015farap yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015farab\u0131n da insan\u0131 rahatlatmas\u0131 sebebiyle, ona ad olarak verilen bu kelimenin \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eece\u2019de \u201cdinlenmek, s\u00fck\u00fbnet bulmak, rahatlamak\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen niham k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcredi\u011fi ifade edilmekle birlikte bunun ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan N\u00fbh\u2019un, t\u00fbfan hadisesinin Sumer ve B\u00e2bil versiyonlar\u0131ndaki kahramanlar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re Sumer t\u00fbfan kahraman\u0131na \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc elde etti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201c\u00f6mr\u00fc uzun olan\u201d m\u00e2nas\u0131nda Ziusudra ad\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fi, t\u00fbfan olay\u0131n\u0131n B\u00e2bil versiyonundaki kahraman\u0131n ad\u0131 olan Ut-napi\u015ftim\u2019in \u201chayat\u0131 ya\u015fayan\u201d anlam\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, N\u00fbh kelimesinin de benzer bir anlam ifade etti\u011fi belirtilmekte; Habe\u015f dilinde n\u00e2ha kelimesinden t\u00fcreyen N\u00fbh\u2019un \u201cuzun zaman\u201d m\u00e2nas\u0131na geldi\u011fi ve \u201c\u00f6mr\u00fc uzun\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir (DBS, I, 750, 758). \u00d6te yandan N\u00fbh\u2019un, t\u00fbfan\u0131n Hurri versiyonundaki kahraman\u0131n ad\u0131 olan Na-ah-ma-su-le-el kelimesinin k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fekli oldu\u011fu veya Akkadca n\u00e2h kelimesinden geldi\u011fi de ifade edilmektedir (IDB, III, 555-556; EJd., XII, 1193; Catholicisme, IX, 1308).<\/p>\n
Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019un \u015feceresiyle ilgili olarak Tevrat\u2019ta iki ayr\u0131 liste verilmektedir. Ruhban metnine ait birinci listede soyu \u00c2dem\u2019in o\u011flu \u015e\u00eet yoluyla nakledilmekte (Tekv\u00een, 5\/1-32; I. Tarihler, 1\/1) ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn 350 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fbfan sonras\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, t\u00fbfan \u00f6ncesinin on lideri aras\u0131nda sonuncu halkay\u0131 te\u015fkil etti\u011fi belirtilmektedir. T\u00fbfan \u00f6ncesi \u015fahsiyetlerin isimleri ve \u00f6m\u00fcrleri \u015fu \u015fekilde verilmektedir (Tekv\u00een, 5\/1-31): \u00c2dem 930 y\u0131l, o\u011flu \u015e\u00eet 912 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Eno\u015f 905 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Ken\u2018\u00e2n 910 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Mahalalel 895 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Yared 962 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Hanok 365 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Metu\u015felah 969 y\u0131l, o\u011flu Lamek 777 y\u0131l, o\u011flu N\u00fbh 950 y\u0131l. Di\u011fer bir listede ise N\u00fbh\u2019un soyu \u00c2dem\u2019in o\u011flu K\u0101bil (K\u0101in) yoluyla N\u00fbh\u2019un babas\u0131 Lamek\u2019e kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir (Tekv\u00een, 4\/17-24).<\/p>\n
Yahudilik ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k\u2019ta. Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re N\u00fbh, \u00c2dem\u2019in yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan 1056, vefat\u0131ndan 126 y\u0131l sonra do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n ilk 500 y\u0131l\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Mukaddes\u2019te bilgi yoktur. Tevrat\u2019\u0131n nakletti\u011fine g\u00f6re N\u00fbh zaman\u0131nda insanlar \u00e7ok bozulmu\u015ftu, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u015e\u00eet\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 K\u0101bil\u2019in soyundan gelen k\u0131zlarla evlenmi\u015f, bu birle\u015fmenin sonucunda \u015fiddet taraftar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc bir nesil ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (DB, IV\/2, s. 1662). Bunlar k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckte \u00f6ylesine ileri gitmi\u015flerdi ki Tanr\u0131 insan\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na pi\u015fman olmu\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00fbfanla b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, hayvanlar\u0131, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenleri ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hel\u00e2k etmeye karar vermi\u015fti. Sadece N\u00fbh, Rabb\u2019in g\u00f6z\u00fcnde lutuf bulmu\u015ftu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc N\u00fbh s\u00e2d\u0131k ve k\u00e2mil adamd\u0131 ve Allah ile y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu (Tekv\u00een, 6\/1-9, 17).<\/p>\n
500 ya\u015f\u0131ndan sonra N\u00fbh\u2019un S\u00e2m, H\u00e2m ve Y\u00e2fes (Y\u00e2fet) ad\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu d\u00fcnyaya gelir (Tekv\u00een, 5\/32). Allah, N\u00fbh\u2019tan bir gemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 ister ve hangi a\u011fa\u00e7tan, hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bildirir. N\u00fbh gofer a\u011fac\u0131ndan uzunlu\u011fu 300, geni\u015fli\u011fi 50, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 30 ar\u015f\u0131n olan \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 gemiyi in\u015fa eder. Gemiye N\u00fbh ve e\u015fiyle \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu ve e\u015fleri binerler. Ayr\u0131ca ku\u015flar, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar ve toprakta s\u00fcr\u00fcnenlerden, her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden erkek ve di\u015fi olmak \u00fczere birer, eti yenilenlerden ise (ka\u015fer olanlardan) yedi\u015fer \u00e7ift gemiye al\u0131n\u0131r (Tekv\u00een, 6\/14-21; 7\/2). Rivayete g\u00f6re N\u00fbh 480 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken gemi yapma emri alm\u0131\u015f, bu emirden sonra geminin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 sedir a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 dikilerek b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve ancak 120 y\u0131l sonra gemi tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (a.g.e., IV\/2, s. 1662).<\/p>\n
N\u00fbh 600 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken t\u00fbfan ba\u015flar (Tekv\u00een, 7\/6). K\u0131rk g\u00fcn s\u00fcren ve y\u00fcz elli g\u00fcn boyunca sular\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayan t\u00fbfan sonras\u0131nda (Tekv\u00een, 7\/117; kr\u015f. 7\/24) N\u00fbh ve gemidekiler karaya \u00e7\u0131kar. N\u00fbh, Rabb\u2019e bir mezbah yaparak her temiz hayvandan ve ku\u015ftan yak\u0131lan takdime arzeder. Buna memnun olan Rab ise art\u0131k bir daha topra\u011f\u0131 l\u00e2netlemeyece\u011fini belirtir. Allah, N\u00fbh\u2019u ve o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcbarek k\u0131l\u0131p onlara \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131p yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc doldurmalar\u0131n\u0131 emreder ve her \u015feyin onlar\u0131n emrine verildi\u011fini, hareket eden her hayvan\u0131 yiyebileceklerini bildirir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kanl\u0131 et yememelerini ve insan kan\u0131 d\u00f6kmemelerini ister ve bir ahid yapar. N\u00fbh vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Allah ile b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bu ahde g\u00f6re insanlar, Allah\u2019\u0131n bildirdi\u011fi kurallara uyduklar\u0131 takdirde bir daha t\u00fbfan gibi bir musibet meydana gelmeyecektir ve bu ahdin al\u00e2meti g\u00f6k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r (Tekv\u00een, 8\/13-9\/17).<\/p>\n
Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re gemiden inen N\u00fbh \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, ba\u011f dikmi\u015f, \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirip \u015farap \u00fcretmi\u015f ve bu \u015faraptan i\u00e7erek sarho\u015f olmu\u015f, \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131plak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N\u00fbh\u2019un o\u011flu H\u00e2m babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp di\u011fer karde\u015flerine haber vermi\u015f, onlar da babalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtm\u00fc\u015f, kendine gelen N\u00fbh ise H\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Ken\u2018\u00e2n\u2019\u0131 l\u00e2netlemi\u015ftir (Tekv\u00een, 9\/20-27). Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131 N\u00fbh\u2019un bu \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flunun soyundan gelmi\u015ftir (Tekv\u00een, 9\/18-19). N\u00fbh t\u00fbfandan sonra 350 y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve 950 ya\u015f\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015ftir (Tekv\u00een, 9\/28-29).<\/p>\n
N\u00fbh\u2019un t\u00fbfan olay\u0131n\u0131n kahraman\u0131 olu\u015fu bu hadisenin Sumer versiyonundaki Zivsudra, B\u00e2bil versiyonundaki Ut-napi\u015ftim ve Atra-Hasis ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, N\u00fbh\u2019un bunlarla ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Tevrat\u2019ta t\u00fbfana kadar ge\u00e7en \u015fahsiyetlerle B\u00e2bil gelene\u011fine ait t\u00fbfan \u00f6ncesi krall\u0131k listelerindeki isimler aras\u0131nda benzerlikler kurulmu\u015ftur. Nitekim Tevrat\u2019ta \u00c2dem\u2019den N\u00fbh\u2019a kadar olan bu soy a\u011fac\u0131 B\u00e2bil\u2019in ilk krall\u0131k listelerine benzemektedir. T\u00fbfan \u00f6ncesi \u015fahsiyetlerin say\u0131lar\u0131 ile B\u00e2bil krallar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca t\u00fbfan kahraman\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7en Zivsudra, Sisouthros ve Ut-napi\u015ftim\u2019in ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131slar oldu\u011fu ve N\u00fbh ile ayn\u0131 ki\u015fiye del\u00e2let etti\u011fi ifade edilmektedir (DBS, I, 750, 758). N\u00fbh\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemle t\u00fbfan\u0131n tarihi konusunda da farkl\u0131 Tevrat n\u00fcshalar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik rakamlar verilir. \u00c2dem\u2019in yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan N\u00fbh t\u00fbfan\u0131na kadar \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eece Masoretik metne g\u00f6re 1656 y\u0131l, Tevrat\u2019\u0131n Yunanca Yetmi\u015fler \u00e7evirisine g\u00f6re 2242 veya 2262 y\u0131l, S\u00e2mir\u00eece Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re ise 1307 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (a.g.e., I, 774).<\/p>\n
Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Mukaddes m\u00fcnekkitleri Tevrat\u2019ta biri t\u00fbfan kahraman\u0131, di\u011feri toprakla me\u015fgul olup ba\u011f diken iki ayr\u0131 N\u00fbh tasvirinin bulundu\u011funa, Tekv\u00een\u2019de (9\/20-27) anlat\u0131lan N\u00fbh k\u0131ssas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fbfan k\u0131ssas\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir kaynaktan geldi\u011fine ve bu iki anlat\u0131m\u0131n birbiriyle uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011funa kanidir. Buna g\u00f6re toprakla me\u015fgul olup ba\u011f yeti\u015ftiren ki\u015finin gemi yapanla pek al\u00e2kas\u0131 yoktur. Ayr\u0131ca Tekv\u00een\u2019de (9\/22-24) N\u00fbh\u2019un \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak tasvir edilmi\u015ftir, halbuki t\u00fbfan s\u0131ras\u0131nda onlar evliydiler. Di\u011fer taraftan Tekv\u00een\u2019de (9\/24) babas\u0131na k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck eden \u00e7ocuk en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oland\u0131r ve Ken\u2018\u00e2n diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r (9\/25), karde\u015fleri ise S\u00e2m ve Y\u00e2fes\u2019tir. K\u00f6t\u00fc fiilin Ken\u2018\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131 H\u00e2m\u2019a nisbet edilmesi ve H\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n Ken\u2018\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n atas\u0131 oldu\u011fu ifadesi (9\/18) iki anlat\u0131m\u0131 uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6neliktir. Buna g\u00f6re S\u00e2m, H\u00e2m ve Y\u00e2fes ile S\u00e2m, Y\u00e2fes ve Ken\u2018\u00e2n listeleri birbiriyle uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (IDB, III, 555).<\/p>\n
Yahudi ve h\u0131ristiyan din\u00ee literat\u00fcrlerinde N\u00fbh, \u0130br\u00e2n\u00ee atalar\u0131 kadar \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olmamakla birlikte d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve imanl\u0131 bir ki\u015fi diye takdim edilir (Genesis Rabba, 30: 77; Sanhedrin, 108a; Petrus\u2019un \u0130kinci Mektubu, 2: 5; \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019e Mektup 11\/7). Onun faydal\u0131 icraatlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda saban, orak, balta vb. aletleri insanlara kazand\u0131rmas\u0131, insanlar\u0131 t\u00f6vbeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131 ve hayvanlara kar\u015f\u0131 iyi muamelesi gelmektedir (EJd., XII, 1191-1198). Gemi yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak sedir a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015fmesini beklemek suretiyle gemi yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 120 y\u0131l erteleyerek kavmine kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in zaman kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hel\u00e2kini geciktirmi\u015ftir. Talmud\u2019da \u201cN\u00fbh kanunlar\u0131\u201d diye bilinen yedi kuraldan bahsedilmektedir. Putperestli\u011fi, Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 ink\u00e2r\u0131 (yalanc\u0131 \u015fahitli\u011fi de kapsamaktad\u0131r), \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi, gayri me\u015fr\u00fb cins\u00ee ili\u015fkileri, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, canl\u0131 hayvan eti yemeyi (her t\u00fcr zul\u00fcm ve gaddarl\u0131\u011f\u0131) yasaklayan ve adaletin tesisini emreden bu kurallar, b\u00fct\u00fcn milletler taraf\u0131ndan uyulmas\u0131 gereken en temel ahl\u00e2k\u00ee ilkeler olarak kabul edilmektedir (a.g.e., XII, 1189).<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca h\u0131ristiyan gelene\u011finde N\u00fbh ile \u00ces\u00e2 Mes\u00eeh aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 benzerlikler kurulmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re t\u0131pk\u0131 N\u00fbh gibi \u00ces\u00e2 da g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r bir d\u00fcnyada iman\u0131 temsil etmekte ve N\u00fbh\u2019un t\u00fbfandan canl\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurtarmas\u0131 gibi \u00ces\u00e2 da vaftiz suyu ile \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yenmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hel\u00e2kten kurtaran N\u00fbh\u2019un gemisi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnahtan kurtaran kiliseye, yine N\u00fbh\u2019un t\u00fbfan sona erdi\u011finde g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi g\u00fcvercin de Kutsal Ruh\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir (Luka, 17\/26; Petrus\u2019un Birinci Mektubu, 3\/2; ER, X, 461).<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da. Hz. N\u00fbh, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de ve hadislerde di\u011fer peygamberlere oranla geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131t\u0131lan ve \u201c\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019l-azm\u201d olarak isimlendirilen be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck peygamberden biridir. Kur\u2019an\u2019da yirmi sekiz s\u00fbrede hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmi\u015f ve k\u0131rk \u00fc\u00e7 yerde ismen zikredilmi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n yetmi\u015f birinci s\u00fbresi onun ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve ba\u015ftan sona onun tevhid m\u00fccadelesini anlat\u0131r. Ancak Kur\u2019an, N\u00fbh\u2019un hayat\u0131n\u0131n sadece peygamber olarak g\u00f6revlendirildikten sonraki safhas\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. Kendisine inanmayan kavmi t\u00fbfanla cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan t\u00fbfan hadisesi de ona nisbetle N\u00fbh t\u00fbfan\u0131 diye an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. N\u00fbh kelimesinin Arap\u00e7a as\u0131ll\u0131 olup nev\u1e25 (a\u011flamak, d\u00f6v\u00fcnmek) k\u00f6k\u00fcnden geldi\u011fini, bizzat kendi nefsini k\u00f6t\u00fcledi\u011finden veya t\u00f6vbe etmeden bo\u011fulup gitmeleri sebebiyle kavmi i\u00e7in \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ona bu ad\u0131n verildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyenler olmakla birlikte (F\u00eer\u00fbz\u00e2b\u00e2d\u00ee, VI, 26) kelimenin Arap\u00e7a olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir (Mevh\u00fbb b. Ahmed el-Cev\u00e2l\u00eek\u012b, s. 330; Jeffery, s. 282).<\/p>\n
N\u00fbh\u2019un soy k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee kaynaklarda Tevrat\u2019taki gibi N\u00fbh b. Lamek b. Metu\u015felah b. Uhnuh (Hanok-\u0130dr\u00ees) b. Mehelail (Mahalalel) b. Kaynan (Ken\u2018\u00e2n) b. Eno\u015f b. \u015eis (\u015e\u00eet) b. \u00c2dem \u015feklinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Annesi de R\u00e2k\u00eel\u2019in veya K\u0101bil\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Kaynu\u015f olarak verilmekte, K\u0101bil\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile \u015e\u00eet\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan onlara t\u00e2bi olanlara peygamber olarak g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi belirtilmektedir (Sa\u2018leb\u00ee, s. 54).<\/p>\n
Rivayete g\u00f6re insanlar Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019a kadar tevhid inanc\u0131yla ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, putperestlik ilk defa N\u00fbh\u2019un kavmiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de, \u201cDediler ki: Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 b\u0131rakmay\u0131n, il\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131z Ved, S\u00fcv\u00e2\u2018, Yeg\u016bs, Ye\u00fbk ve Nesr\u2019den vazge\u00e7meyin\u201d me\u00e2lindeki \u00e2yette (N\u00fbh 71\/23) N\u00fbh kavminin tapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 putlardan bahsedilmektedir. Bu isimler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta iyilikleriyle temay\u00fcz etmi\u015f ki\u015filere aitti. \u00d6l\u00fcmlerinin ard\u0131ndan bunlar\u0131n heykelleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra insanlar onlar\u0131 Allah ile kendi aralar\u0131nda arac\u0131 olarak birer tap\u0131nma objesi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hz. N\u00fbh, kavmini putperestlikten uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p tevhid inanc\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de N\u00fbh\u2019un Allah taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ildi\u011fi (\u00c2l-i \u0130mr\u00e2n 3\/33), kendisine vahyedildi\u011fi (en-Nis\u00e2 4\/163), kavmine peygamber olarak g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi (N\u00fbh 71\/1), 950 y\u0131l kavminin aras\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 (el-Ankeb\u00fbt 29\/14) ve kavmini Allah\u2019a kullu\u011fa davet etti\u011fi (Y\u00fbnus 10\/71; H\u00fbd 11\/25-26; e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/106-110) belirtilmektedir. N\u00fbh kavmini Allah\u2019tan ba\u015fkas\u0131na ibadet etmemeleri hususunda uyarm\u0131\u015f, aksi takdirde ba\u015flar\u0131na gelecek azab\u0131 kendilerine haber vermi\u015ftir (N\u00fbh 71\/1-4). Yoldan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok zalim ve azg\u0131n olan kavmi (ez-Z\u00e2riy\u00e2t 51\/46; en-Necm 53\/52) N\u00fbh\u2019a inanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ona mecnun demi\u015f, ta\u015flamakla tehdit edip (e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/116) yalanc\u0131l\u0131kla itham etmi\u015f, ondan kendisine uyan alt tabakadan insanlar\u0131 yan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 (el-A\u2018r\u00e2f 7\/59-63; H\u00fbd 11\/27; el-Kamer 54\/9) veya ba\u015flar\u0131na gelece\u011fini bildirdi\u011fi azab\u0131 bir an \u00f6nce getirmesini (H\u00fbd 11\/32) istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kendi yapt\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir talebinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen N\u00fbh gayb\u0131 bilmedi\u011fini, melek de olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sadece Allah\u2019\u0131n emirlerini bildirdi\u011fini ifade edip davetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f (H\u00fbd 11\/28-31; e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/105-115), uzun m\u00fccadeleler sonunda kavminin putperestlikten vazge\u00e7medi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce inanmayanlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Allah\u2019a dua etmi\u015f (e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/118-119; N\u00fbh 71\/1-28), Allah N\u00fbh\u2019un duas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve ink\u00e2rc\u0131 kavminin t\u00fbfanla hel\u00e2k edilece\u011fini, kendisinin ve inananlar\u0131n kurtulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirerek bir gemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir (H\u00fbd 11\/36-39). Gemi in\u015fa edilirken N\u00fbh\u2019un kavmi kendisiyle alay etmi\u015ftir (H\u00fbd 11\/38). Rivayete g\u00f6re gemi yapmas\u0131 istenince Hz. N\u00fbh tahtay\u0131 nereden bulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorar, ona a\u011fa\u00e7 dikmesi emredilir ve Hint me\u015fesi denilen a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 diker. K\u0131rk y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra bu a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 keserek gemiyi yapar (F\u00eer\u00fbz\u00e2b\u00e2d\u00ee, VI, 29). Geminin in\u015fas\u0131 bitince her hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcnden birer \u00e7ift, ayr\u0131ca bo\u011fulmas\u0131na h\u00fckmedilenler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki aile fertleri ve iman eden di\u011fer kimseler gemiye bindirilir. N\u00fbh ve ona inananlar kurtulurken e\u015fi ve o\u011flu inanmayanlarla birlikte bo\u011fulur (H\u00fbd 11\/40-47; el-M\u00fc\u2019min\u00fbn 23\/26-29; el-Furk\u0101n 25\/37; el-Kamer 54\/10-17). Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de ayr\u0131ca N\u00fbh\u2019un o\u011flu i\u00e7in dua etti\u011fi, ancak bunun kabul edilmedi\u011fi belirtilmektedir (H\u00fbd 11\/42-43, 45-46; et-Tahr\u00eem 66\/10). T\u00fbfan sona erince, \u201cEy N\u00fbh! Sana ve seninle birlikte olanlara bizden sel\u00e2m ve bereketle gemiden in …\u201d denilir (H\u00fbd 11\/48). Allah\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 zikretti\u011fi peygamberler \u00c2dem\u2019in ve N\u00fbh ile beraber gemide ta\u015f\u0131nanlar\u0131n soyundan, \u0130br\u00e2him ile \u0130sr\u00e2il\u2019in (Ya\u2018k\u016bb) neslindendir (Meryem 19\/58); \u0130sr\u00e2ilo\u011fullar\u0131 da N\u00fbh ile beraber gemide ta\u015f\u0131nanlar\u0131n soyundan gelmi\u015ftir (el-\u0130sr\u00e2 17\/3). Ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer peygamberler gibi N\u00fbh\u2019tan da s\u00f6z al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 (el-Ahz\u00e2b 33\/7), onun hidayete erdirildi\u011fi (el-En\u2018\u00e2m 6\/84), ona verilen emirlerin m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte oldu\u011fu (e\u015f-\u015e\u00fbr\u00e2 42\/13) bildirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kur\u2019an\u2019da Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019un ya\u015f\u0131yla ilgili olarak \u015fu bilgi yer almaktad\u0131r: \u201cAndolsun ki biz N\u00fbh\u2019u kendi kavmine g\u00f6nderdik de o 950 y\u0131l onlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda kald\u0131. Sonunda onlar zul\u00fcmlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken t\u00fbfan kendilerini yakalay\u0131verdi. Fakat biz onu ve gemidekileri kurtard\u0131k ve bunu \u00e2lemlere bir ibret yapt\u0131k\u201d (el-Ankeb\u00fbt 29\/14-15). Bu \u00e2yetten anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re N\u00fbh 950 y\u0131l kavmiyle birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ancak bu s\u00fcrenin onun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc veya peygamberlik s\u00fcresinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa t\u00fbfana kadar olan safhas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 i\u00e7ine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret edilmemi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019an\u2019da verilen bu rakam\u0131 N\u00fbh\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fc olarak kabul edenlere g\u00f6re k\u0131rk ya\u015f\u0131nda peygamber olmu\u015f, 890 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken t\u00fbfan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, t\u00fbfandan sonra altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l daha ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcreyi sadece t\u00fbfan \u00f6ncesi peygamberlik m\u00fcddeti olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlere g\u00f6re ise N\u00fbh\u2019un ya\u015f\u0131 bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r. Bir rivayete g\u00f6re peygamberler i\u00e7inde en uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fc N\u00fbh\u2019tur; kendisine 350 ya\u015f\u0131nda vahiy gelmi\u015f, 950 y\u0131l kavmini davetle ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1300 y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (a.g.e., VI, 30). Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019un kabrinin nerede oldu\u011fu bilinmemekte, \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerde ona nisbet edilen makam ve kabirler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir rivayete g\u00f6re kabri Mekke\u2019de Mescid-i Har\u00e2m\u2019da, M\u00fcltezem ile Mak\u0101m-\u0131 \u0130br\u00e2him aras\u0131nda, di\u011fer rivayetlere g\u00f6re ise Kerek, Cizre veya Necef\u2019tedir.<\/p>\n
Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019e g\u00f6re Hz. N\u00fbh \u00e7ok \u015f\u00fckreden bir kuldu (el-\u0130sr\u00e2 17\/3); g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi sab\u0131r insanlara \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir (H\u00fbd 11\/49). Onun bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi de k\u00e2firlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok sert davranmas\u0131d\u0131r. Rivayete g\u00f6re Hz. Peygamber, Bedir Gazvesi\u2019nden sonra esirlerin durumunu m\u00fczakere etti\u011fi s\u0131rada Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir onlara iyi davran\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, Hz. \u00d6mer ise \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini \u00f6nermi\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine Res\u00fblullah, Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in Hz. \u0130br\u00e2him gibi oldu\u011funu, zira onun, \u201c\u015eimdi kim bana uyarsa o bendendir, kim de bana kar\u015f\u0131 gelirse art\u0131k sen ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayan, pek esirgeyensin\u201d diyerek (\u0130br\u00e2h\u00eem 14\/36) kendisine inanmayanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yumu\u015fak davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00d6mer\u2019in ise N\u00fbh gibi oldu\u011funu zira onun da, \u201cRabbim, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde k\u00e2firlerden hi\u00e7 kimseyi b\u0131rakma\u201d diyerek (N\u00fbh 71\/26) ink\u00e2rc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 sert davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir (Lis\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-\u02bfArab, \u201cnv\u1e25\u201d md.). Kur\u2019an\u2019da N\u00fbh m\u00fcrsel (e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/105), resul (e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/107), apa\u00e7\u0131k uyar\u0131c\u0131 (ez-Z\u00e2riy\u00e2t 51\/50), m\u00fcbarek (H\u00fbd 11\/48), muhsin (es-S\u00e2ff\u00e2t 37\/80), m\u00fcmin (es-S\u00e2ff\u00e2t 37\/81), kul (el-Kamer 54\/9), \u015f\u00fckreden (el-\u0130sr\u00e2 17\/3) gibi \u00f6zelliklerle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (F\u00eer\u00fbz\u00e2b\u00e2d\u00ee, VI, 26-27). Ayr\u0131ca kavimlerine g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f emin el\u00e7ilerden oldu\u011fu belirtilen N\u00fbh\u2019un (e\u015f-\u015euar\u00e2 26\/107) \u201cash\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019n-nev\u00e2mis\u201dten (\u015feriat sahibi) say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Rivayete g\u00f6re t\u00fbfan esnas\u0131nda Hz. N\u00fbh, Eb\u00fbkubeys da\u011f\u0131nda bulunan Hz. \u00c2dem\u2019in naa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alarak bir tabut i\u00e7ine koymu\u015f, t\u00fbfandan sonra tekrar yerine defnetmi\u015ftir. N\u00fbh\u2019un \u0130dr\u00ees\u2019ten sonra gelen ilk peygamber olup marangozluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da nakledilmektedir (\u0130bn Kuteybe, s. 19-24). Hz. N\u00fbh\u2019a ayr\u0131ca \u0130sl\u00e2m ve bilhassa \u015ei\u00ee gelene\u011finde \u201cNeciyyullah\u201d (Allah\u2019\u0131n kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fi) s\u0131fat\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. N\u00fbh\u2019un ve kavminin t\u00fbfan hadisesinden kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131na at\u0131f yapan bu s\u0131fat, Allah\u2019\u0131n in\u00e2yetiyle Firavun\u2019un zulm\u00fcnden kurtar\u0131lan Hz. M\u00fbs\u00e2 i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Sa\u2018leb\u00ee, s. 166).<\/p>\n
B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA
\nLis\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-\u02bfArab, \u201cnv\u1e25\u201d md.<\/p>\n
Mustafav\u00ee, et-Ta\u1e25\u1e33\u012b\u1e33, \u201cnv\u1e25\u201d md.<\/p>\n
Eb\u00fb H\u00e2tim es-Sicist\u00e2n\u00ee, el-Mu\u02bfammer\u00fbn ve\u2019l-Ve\u1e63\u00e2y\u00e2 (n\u015fr. Abd\u00fclm\u00fcn\u2018im \u00c2mir), Kahire 1961, s. 3-4.<\/p>\n
\u0130bn Kuteybe, el-Ma\u02bf\u00e2rif (Ukk\u00e2\u015fe), s. 19-24.<\/p>\n
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A. Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur\u2019\u0101n, Baroda 1938, s. 282.<\/p>\n
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\u0130smail Yi\u011fit, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim ve Hadis Kaynaklar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Peygamberler Tarihi, \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 112-147.<\/p>\n
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J. H. Marks, \u201cNoah\u201d, IDB, III, 554-556.<\/p>\n
S. S. Schwarzschild \u2013 S. Berman, \u201cNoachide Laws\u201d, EJd., XII, 1189-1191.<\/p>\n
D. Young \u2013 E. E. Halevy \u2013 H. H. Hirschberg, \u201cNoah\u201d, a.e., XII, 1191-1198.<\/p>\n
P. M. Guillaume \u2013 J. Bernard, \u201cNoe\u201d, Catholicisme, IX, 1307-1309.<\/p>\n
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B. Heller, \u201cN\u016b\u1e25\u201d, EI2 (Fr.), VIII, 111-112.“<\/p>\n
https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/nuh<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
„Tevrat’a g\u00f6re babas\u0131 Lamek, \u201cRabbin l\u00e2netledi\u011fi bu toprak y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz … N\u00fbh’un \u0130dr\u00ees’ten sonra gelen ilk peygamber olup marangozluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da …“ „N\u00dbH \u0646\u0648\u062d B\u00fcy\u00fck peygamberler aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan, kendisine inanmayan kavmi t\u00fbfan ile hel\u00e2k edilen peygamber. M\u00fcellif: \u00d6MER FARUK HARMAN Ad\u0131 \u0130br\u00e2n\u00eece\u2019de N\u00f4ah, Yunanca\u2019da N\u00f4e \u015feklindedir. Tevrat\u2019a g\u00f6re babas\u0131 Lamek, \u201cRabbin l\u00e2netledi\u011fi bu toprak y\u00fcz\u00fcnden … <\/p>\n