{"id":104061,"date":"2022-08-18T15:40:34","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T15:40:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/?p=104061"},"modified":"2022-08-18T17:03:16","modified_gmt":"2022-08-18T17:03:16","slug":"vergesst-bitte-nicht-ihr-bewegt-euch-in-meiner-welt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/?p=104061","title":{"rendered":"Vergesst bitte nicht, ihr bewegt euch in meiner Welt"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Cogito, ergo sum<\/strong><br \/>\n<img src=\"https:\/\/www.tagesspiegel.de\/images\/tagesspiegel\/25483266\/2-format6001.jpg?inIsFirst=true\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/de-de\/unterhaltung\/other\/harald-lesch-%C3%BCber-erd%C3%B6lkonzern-gewinne-selbst-f%C3%BCr-ausgemachte-kapitalisten-unanst%C3%A4ndig\/ar-AA10MM77?ocid=msedgntp&amp;cvid=f7a410ebeaa843ffa88868544846e735\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jemand von WERT<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ich habe gerade mit meiner Schwester gesprochen; Gasabschlag&#8230;<br \/>\nVon 120 auf 360 \u20ac im Monat!<\/p>\n<p>Es ist egal ob die T\u00fcrkei oder Deutschland, beide sind wichtig f\u00fcr mich&#8230;<br \/>\nAuch wenn ihr es mir nicht glauben m\u00f6gt&#8230;<br \/>\nMein Werdegang&#8230;<br \/>\nIch habe so manches gesehen und erlebt!<\/p>\n<p>Schuldenuhr Europas UND DAS ist NUR Europa&#8230;<br \/>\nIhr m\u00f6gt unzufrieden sein, ver\u00e4rgert&#8230;<br \/>\nABER&#8230;<br \/>\nSeid froh das ihr in Deutschland lebt!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smava.de\/eurozone-schulden-uhr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seht es euch an<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Man kann IMMER besser AUCH verschlimmbessern&#8230;<br \/>\nErstes Gebot der Kommunikation, der Sender ist verantwortlich f\u00fcr das gesendete, nicht der Empf\u00e4nger&#8230;<br \/>\nNun&#8230;<br \/>\nIch glaube ich kann, konnte es euch nicht erkl\u00e4ren, mein Anliegen&#8230;<br \/>\nDie (&#8230;)<br \/>\nHabt ihr auch nur eine Ahnung was man so verdient&#8230;<br \/>\n\u00dcbersee (&#8230;)<br \/>\nW\u00e4hrend Menschen Sterben, hungern&#8230;<br \/>\nLeiden&#8230;<br \/>\nHabt ihr auch nur die entfernteste Vorstellung davon?<\/p>\n<p>Gestern&#8230;<br \/>\nLNG&#8230;<br \/>\nDIE Verdienstspanne&#8230;<br \/>\nUnvorstellbar, aber was ist denn da los am &#8222;Nordpol?&#8220;<br \/>\nSchweden, Finland und nat\u00fcrlich D\u00e4nemark&#8230;<br \/>\n&#8230;<br \/>\n&#8230;<br \/>\n&#8230;!<\/p>\n<p>Spitzbergen!!!<\/p>\n<p>Mein Schwesterchen von 120 Euro&#8230;<br \/>\nAuf 360&#8230;<br \/>\nSie HAT zwei Kinder, Teeanager.<\/p>\n<p>Hast du Kinder, dann wei\u00dft du was das hei\u00dft.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dcbrigens ein geplantes vorgehen&#8230;<br \/>\nN\u00e4heres kann und darf ich nicht auf deutsch schreiben&#8230;<br \/>\nDer Islamist, ein anderer b\u00f6ser&#8230;<br \/>\nB\u00f6ser Wolf in der T\u00fcrkei&#8230;<br \/>\nEr WIRD gerade in Schafspelz geh\u00fcllt&#8230;<br \/>\nBitte&#8230;<br \/>\nFallt wenigsten ihr nicht drauf rein.<\/p>\n<p>Ich kam nicht dazu, dem FOCUS ein Leserbrief DIREKT an die Redaktion zu schreiben&#8230;<br \/>\nVon wegen Drohen und so&#8230;<br \/>\nEinige Belege vorzulegen ein b\u00f6ser, b\u00f6ser Wolf&#8230;<br \/>\nEin Betr\u00fcger ein m\u00f6chtegern Padi\u015fah&#8230;<br \/>\nEr WIRD gerade in Schafspelz geh\u00fcllt&#8230;<br \/>\nUnd der Welt pr\u00e4sentiert.<\/p>\n<p>Psychologie&#8230;<br \/>\nDie Soziologie, DER ERSTE EINDRUCK&#8230;<br \/>\nEr IST DAS&#8230;<br \/>\nWas ihr schon zuvor von ihm gehalten habt, auch ein Schafspelz \u00e4ndert NICHTS daran!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.de\/search?q=die+ersten+5+sekunden+einer+begegnung&amp;hl=de&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=amL-YvO8D8XElwS466jABQ&amp;iflsig=AJiK0e8AAAAAYv5welW8Izz5AsGdWh2CzsWSyjUELv-z&amp;oq=die+wersten+5+sekun&amp;gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAEYADIGCAAQHhANOhEILhCABBCxAxCDARDHARDRAzoLCAAQgAQQsQMQgwE6CwguELEDEIMBENQCOgQIABBDOggIABCxAxCDAToOCC4QgAQQsQMQxwEQrwE6CAguELEDEIMBOg4IABCABBCxAxCDARDJAzoICAAQkgMQuAQ6BQgAEJIDOgUILhCABDoLCC4QgAQQsQMQgwE6DgguEIAEELEDEIMBENQCOgsILhCABBDHARCvAToLCC4QgAQQsQMQ1AI6CAguEIAEELEDOgUIABCABDoICC4QgAQQ1AI6CAgAEIAEELEDOgcILhDUAhADOgsILhCxAxDHARCvAToKCC4QxwEQrwEQCjoECAAQCjoGCAAQHhAWOggIABAeEA8QFjoECAAQDToECC4QDVAAWIctYONHaAFwAHgAgAGRAogB8xaSAQYxLjE1LjSYAQCgAQE&amp;sclient=gws-wiz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lest ein bisschen<\/a><\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>Die PKK&#8230;<br \/>\nStalinisten, ich hatte es zwar erkl\u00e4rt&#8230;<br \/>\nAber lang lang ist es her!<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<strong>Stalin\u2019in B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fc: K\u00f6kenleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n12 A\u011fustos 2020<\/p>\n<p>Bu konferans Profes\u00f6r Vadim Rogovin taraf\u0131ndan 28 May\u0131s 1996 tarihinde Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n Melbourne \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde verildi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu toplant\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenlere, bana Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n bu \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcniversitesinde, b\u00f6yle geni\u015f bir kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 grubuna seslenme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmek istiyorum. Bug\u00fcn modern tarihteki en trajik olaylardan \u2013\u00fczerine \u00e7ok say\u0131da kitap ve makale yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak yine de hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok muamma ve yanl\u0131\u015f anlama bulunan olaylardan- baz\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Bu tarihsel olgu kimi zaman B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlik ya da B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r ya da kimi zaman sadece 1937 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Tarihte bu olaylarla ilgili olarak kurulabilecek \u00e7ok az say\u0131da analoji var.<\/p>\n<p>Ku\u015fkusuz yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l sivil halka y\u00f6nelik olarak yap\u0131lan az say\u0131da kitlesel ter\u00f6r ve hatta soyk\u0131r\u0131m giri\u015fimine tan\u0131k olmad\u0131. Hitler\u2019in toplama kamplar\u0131nda Stalin\u2019in kamplar\u0131nda ve hapishanelerindekine k\u0131yasla daha fazla say\u0131da insan \u00f6ld\u00fc. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, bir milyondan fazla Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Genellikle bu etnik soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6rneklerine Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde oldu\u011fu kadar geli\u015fkin bir demagoji e\u015flik etmedi. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda kurbanlar hi\u00e7bir zaman i\u00e7in i\u015flememi\u015f olduklar\u0131 korkun\u00e7 su\u00e7lar\u0131 itiraf etmeye zorlanmad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Bizim \u00fclkemiz, Rusya, 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 i\u00e7 sava\u015fa tan\u0131k oldu ve ard\u0131ndan bir d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 ya\u015famaya zorland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Birinci i\u00e7 sava\u015f 1918 ile 1920 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Bu, devrimci kitlelerin, yabanc\u0131 istilac\u0131lar\u0131n deste\u011fiyle ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek isteyenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Bu i\u00e7 sava\u015f, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde devrimlerden sonra ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 sava\u015flarla pek \u00e7ok benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131yor. S\u00f6zgelimi, Rusya\u2019da ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 sava\u015fla 1860\u2019larda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde ba\u015f g\u00f6steren i\u00e7 sava\u015f aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da benzerlik var. Tro\u00e7ki, Rus ve Amerikan i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda o kadar \u00e7ok ortak nokta bulmu\u015ftu ki, bir ara b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bu soruna adanm\u0131\u015f bir kitap yazmay\u0131 bile tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fim ikinci i\u00e7 sava\u015f 1928 ile 1933 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak alt\u0131 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu i\u00e7 sava\u015f Stalinist klik taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u015fiddet dolu, zorla kolektifle\u015ftirme bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131 ve \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ger\u00e7ek bir i\u00e7 sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Tarihte bu i\u00e7 sava\u015fa benzeyen pek \u00e7ok sava\u015f var. S\u00f6zgelimi on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri Vend\u00e9e ayaklanmas\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak, bizlerin B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlik olarak s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz olguyla, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc i\u00e7 sava\u015fla ilgili olarak uygun bir tarihsel analoji kurmak olanaks\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce tarihte hi\u00e7bir zaman y\u00fcz binlerce insan evlerinden zorla al\u0131n\u0131p, hapse at\u0131l\u0131p, i\u015fkence edilip, \u00e7e\u015fitli su\u00e7lar\u0131 itiraf etmeye zorlanmad\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ya yok edilip ya da toplama kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmedi. Bug\u00fcn, B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u2019den 60 y\u0131l sonra bile bir\u00e7ok insan i\u00e7in bu konudan so\u011fukkanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak s\u00f6z etmesinin g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir durum de\u011fil.<\/p>\n<p>Uzun say\u0131lamayacak bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de verdi\u011fim konferanslar s\u0131ras\u0131nda bana farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan insanlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m. Bir ya\u015fl\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Stalinist bana B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u2019den s\u00f6z etmenin sadece bir burjuva propagandas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu ki\u015fi II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Stalin\u2019e \u00f6vg\u00fcler ya\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Stalin\u2019e y\u00f6nelik \u00f6vg\u00fclerini hakl\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in bu sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde 27 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi. Kendisine 27 milyon insan\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ederek cevap verdim. Daha sonra bu ki\u015fiye e\u011fer Churchill bir sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finde kolordu komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funu da i\u00e7ermek \u00fczere \u00fclkenin en de\u011ferli unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmi\u015f olsayd\u0131 ve onun bu korkun\u00e7 hatas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybetseydi bu durumda ne diyece\u011fini sordum.<\/p>\n<p>Londra konferans\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131m, Ukraynal\u0131 bir milliyet\u00e7i, bana neden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Bol\u015feviklere kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan giri\u015filmi\u015f olan ter\u00f6re bu kadar \u00f6nem verdi\u011fimi, ancak 15 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi\u011fi Ukrayna halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015filmi\u015f olan ter\u00f6r\u00fc g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fimi sordu.<\/p>\n<p>Burada anti-kom\u00fcnistlerin B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u2019\u00fcn kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede abartma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin Solzhenitsyn kamplarda ve hapishanelerde yok edilen insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 60 milyon olarak veriyor.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesinde yap\u0131lan kampanyalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Moskova\u2019da dola\u015f\u0131rsan\u0131z benzer rakamlar\u0131n Yeltsin yanl\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olan \u00e7e\u015fitli standlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Buralarda \u201ckom\u00fcnistlerin \u00fclkemizde 60 milyon insan\u0131 yok ettiklerini unutmay\u0131n\u201d diyen afi\u015fler yer al\u0131yor. Ger\u00e7ek kurbanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 12 kat fazla g\u00f6steren bu rakamlar\u0131n halk\u0131 uyand\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n<p>Ve elbette buna k\u0131yasla, Yeltsin taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015fta \u00f6len insan say\u0131s\u0131 pek ufak kal\u0131yor. Ve yine buna k\u0131yasla 1993 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131nda Beyaz Evde, Rus Y\u00fcksek Sovyeti\u2019nin top ate\u015fine tutulmas\u0131 da \u00f6nemsiz kal\u0131yor. Bu eylem s\u0131ras\u0131nda sadece 1.000\u2019ne yak\u0131n insan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Yeltsin yanl\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler kom\u00fcnistlerin iktidara geri d\u00f6nmeleri durumunda on milyonlarca insan\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak bir ter\u00f6r uygulayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Bu rakamlar Stalin\u2019in 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lmesinin ard\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en 40 y\u0131l s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekte hi\u00e7 siyasi idam ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n zikrediliyor. Stalin\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcn ertesinde halefleri onun haz\u0131rlamakta oldu\u011fu yeni bir ter\u00f6r dalgas\u0131n\u0131 durdurdular ve kitlesel bir iade-i itibar s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Pek \u00e7ok insan ter\u00f6r\u00fcn kime y\u00f6neltilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediyor. G\u00fcvenilir veriler b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet tarihi boyunca yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak d\u00f6rt milyon insan\u0131n devlete kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 i\u015flemekle su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mahk\u00fbm edildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Bu insanlar\u0131n 700.000 \u2013 800.000\u2019i vurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bu rakamlar her a\u00e7\u0131dan \u015fok edici, ancak buna kimi ba\u015fka rakamlar\u0131 eklememiz gerekiyor. S\u00f6zgelimi b\u00fct\u00fcn kurbanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak yar\u0131ya yak\u0131n\u0131 hapse iki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131ld\u0131lar -1937 ve 1938 y\u0131llar\u0131nda. Bu iki y\u0131l boyunca, geriye kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet tarihi boyunca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenden alt\u0131 kat fazla insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u2019\u00fcn ikinci \u00f6zelli\u011fi esas hedefinin kom\u00fcnistler olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu iki y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde hapse at\u0131lan iki milyon insan\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 tutukland\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda parti \u00fcyesiydiler.<\/p>\n<p>Bundan ba\u015fka, Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada daha \u00f6nce partide yer alm\u0131\u015f, ancak \u00e7e\u015fitli muhalefet faaliyetleri i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k bir bu\u00e7uk milyon insan vard\u0131. Bu insanlar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011fu B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r s\u0131ras\u0131nda tutukland\u0131 ve ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 siyasi e\u011filim taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka efsane daha var. Bu efsaneyi Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in 1956\u2019da 20. Parti Kongresi\u2019nde Stalin\u2019in i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7larla ilgili olarak sundu\u011fu gizli raporda ya da Robert Conquest ve Solzhenitsyn gibi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anti-kom\u00fcnist olan insanlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bulabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Bu efsane b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyetler Birli\u011fi halk\u0131n\u0131n ter\u00f6rle ger\u00e7ek anlamda sersemleyip suskunla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ya uygulanan bask\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 sesini \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da k\u00f6rlemesine ter\u00f6re inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ter\u00f6r\u00fc destekledi\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Bu efsane ayn\u0131 zamanda bask\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n Stalin\u2019e muhalefet etmek de dahil, hi\u00e7bir su\u00e7 i\u015flemediklerini iddia eder. Bu insanlar, hi\u00e7bir su\u00e7 i\u015flemedikleri halde Stalin\u2019in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 paranoyas\u0131n\u0131n kurban\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu efsaneye g\u00f6re, Stalin\u2019in rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir ciddi muhalefet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, kurbanlar da bu t\u00fcr bir muhalefet etme su\u00e7u i\u015flememi\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu efsaneleri \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctebilmek i\u00e7in k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7e\u015fitli dosyalara ve \u00f6nemli davalara bakmak gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin d\u00fcnyaca tan\u0131nan fizik\u00e7i ve gelecekte Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alacak olan Akademisyen David Landau davas\u0131 bunlardan biridir. Sadece kendi i\u015fiyle me\u015fgul olan, parti \u00fcyesi olmayan ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte siyasetle ilgilenmeyen bu gen\u00e7 fizik\u00e7inin ve akademisyenin hi\u00e7bir su\u00e7unun olmayaca\u011f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla herhangi bir hakl\u0131 gerek\u00e7e olmadan tutuklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Landau davas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren dosya k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yay\u0131nland\u0131. Soru\u015fturma s\u0131ras\u0131nda Landau\u2019ya \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131na ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ma haz\u0131r hale getirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu anti-Stalinist bir bildiri g\u00f6sterildi. Landau\u2019nun meslekta\u015f\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bir kom\u00fcnist olan Kopets bildiriyi kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Kopets bunun \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fini d\u00fczenledi ve Landau\u2019yu ve di\u011fer \u00f6\u011frencileri ve fizik\u00e7ileri bu gizli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada yer almaya te\u015fvik etti. Bu insanlar bildiriyi 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak olan bir Bir May\u0131s g\u00f6sterinde da\u011f\u0131tmay\u0131 planl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce bu t\u00fcr bildirilerin varoldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rnek yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu bildiriler, haklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bildi\u011fimiz insanlar taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak bunlar yazd\u0131klar\u0131 bildirileri tutarl\u0131 bir kom\u00fcnist tutumla kaleme alan insanlard\u0131 ve Stalin ve kli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131, sosyalizme ihanet ettikleri i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015filmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu bildirilerin i\u00e7eri\u011fi sadece mevcut siyasi sistemin ya da daha do\u011frudan s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse Stalin\u2019in ve onun kli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 olarak yorumlanabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ku\u015fkusuz bunlar birbirinden yal\u0131t\u0131k vakalard\u0131, ancak B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn uygulamaya konulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, sosyalizmin ideallerinden daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sapm\u0131\u015f bir rejim haline gelmi\u015f olan Stalinizme kar\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ok daha yayg\u0131n, \u00e7ok daha ciddi ve iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f bir muhalefet vard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Stalin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 verilen bu sava\u015f daha \u00f6ncesinde, 1923\u2019te Sol Muhalefet\u2019in olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. Parti i\u00e7i m\u00fccadelenin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7im 20\u2019li y\u0131llar boyunca gittik\u00e7e keskinle\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>Binlerce ve binlerce kom\u00fcnist, parti demokrasinin parti i\u00e7indeki Stalinist klik taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, ilk zamanlarda a\u00e7\u0131k olarak ve daha sonra muhalefet gruplar\u0131 yasaklan\u0131nca, yer alt\u0131nda yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, bu muhalefet i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Bu insanlar, Sovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu derin bir yoksunlu\u011fun i\u00e7ine iten zorla kolektifle\u015ftirmeye ve yanl\u0131\u015f sanayile\u015fme y\u00f6ntemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Gittik\u00e7e artan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara ve toplumsal e\u015fitsizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. B\u00fcrokrasi siyasi iktidar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan gasp etmi\u015fti ve konumunu ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n<p>1932\u2019de Stalinist \u00f6nderli\u011fin macerac\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkeyi \u00e7ok keskin bir ekonomik ve siyasi krize do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklemekte oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr hale gelince muhalefetin d\u00fczeyinde de belirgin bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda sadece eski muhalefet gruplar\u0131 daha aktif hale gelmekle kalmad\u0131, bunlara yeni olu\u015fan muhalefet gruplar\u0131 da kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda belki de en ilgin\u00e7 olan Riutin grubu olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan gruptur.<\/p>\n<p>Riutin \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k bir evrim ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan eski bir Bol\u015fevikti. Riutin, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llar boyunca ate\u015fli bir Stalinistti, ancak 1930\u2019da bir\u00e7ok konuda hatal\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Stalinist b\u00fcrokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir m\u00fccadelenin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015ft\u0131. Sol Muhalefetle, Tro\u00e7kistlerle birle\u015fmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Riutin grubu, Riutin platformu ad\u0131 verilen, 100 sayfadan daha uzun bir belge yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu belgede, \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn temel sorunlarla ilgili olarak ya\u015fanan ekonomik ve siyasi kriz g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriliyordu. Stalin ve kli\u011fi bu belgeden o kadar korktular ki, bunu Riutin\u2019in ihrac\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmakta olan Merkez Komitesi \u00fcyelerine da\u011f\u0131tmay\u0131 reddettiler. Merkez Komitesi bu belgeyi okumadan Riutin\u2019i su\u00e7lu ilan etti ve platformun aleyhinde oy kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Bu s\u0131rada, teslimiyeti kabul etmeyen binlerce Tro\u00e7kist, \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ya da hapisteydi. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nde gelen parti \u00fcyesi de vard\u0131. Bu muhaliflerin her birinin \u00f6n\u00fcne iki se\u00e7enek konuluyordu. Ya bir teslimiyet mektubu imzalayacaklar ve b\u00fcrokrasinin i\u00e7inde g\u00fcvenli pozisyonlara yerle\u015feceklerdi ya da bu t\u00fcr deklarasyonu imzalamay\u0131 reddedecekler ve hapishane kamplar\u0131nda ya da Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin en \u00fccra k\u00f6\u015felerinde s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n<p>Burada ilgin\u00e7 bir noktaya i\u015faret etmek, 1936\u2019da ilk Moskova duru\u015fmas\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki onlarca muhalifin Moskova\u2019ya geri getirildi\u011fini belirtmek gerekir. Bunlar\u0131n bir tek tanesi bile yalan ifade vermeyi kabul eden bir teslimiyet belgesini imzalamay\u0131 kabul etmedi. Bu nedenle bunlar ilk Moskova Duru\u015fmas\u0131na dahil edilmediler, ancak gizli olarak yap\u0131lan dava \u00f6ncesi soru\u015fturma s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.<\/p>\n<p>1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda farkl\u0131 muhalefet e\u011filimlerinin \u00e7ok say\u0131da temsilcisinin Stalinist \u00f6nderli\u011fi y\u0131kmak ve uygulamaya yeni politikalar koymak i\u00e7in birle\u015fik bir anti-Stalinist blok olu\u015fturman\u0131n gereklili\u011fini tart\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p>Riutin platformu kom\u00fcnistleri birbirinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karan ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n, parti i\u00e7inde var olan daha \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemini yitirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Ya Stalinist klikten ve onun halka kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flemekte oldu\u011fu su\u00e7lardan ya da Stalinist kli\u011fi defederek partiyi Lenin\u2019in sosyalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilkelerine geri ta\u015f\u0131maktan yana olacakt\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>Sol Muhalefetin eskiden \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcyelerinden biriyken, resmi olarak teslimiyet belgesini imzalam\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra yeniden muhalefet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan Ivan Smirnov, 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda resmi bir i\u015f gezisi i\u00e7in Berlin\u2019e gitti. Smirnov, Tro\u00e7ki\u2019in o\u011flu Lev Sedov\u2019la ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7ti ve Tro\u00e7ki ve Meksika\u2019daki ve Avrupa\u2019daki o\u011fullar\u0131 ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki eski ve yeni e\u011filimlerden meydana gelen, yeni olu\u015fmakta olan muhalefet blo\u011fu aras\u0131nda, g\u00f6sterilen \u00e7abalar\u0131n koordine edilmesinin gereklili\u011fi konusunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Bu muhalefet e\u011filimlerine \u00fcye olan pek \u00e7ok insan, 1932\u2019nin sonlar\u0131nda ve 1933\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015flar\u0131nda tutuklanm\u0131\u015f olsalar da, yakalananlardan biri bile, bu tek birle\u015fik anti-Stalinist blo\u011fun olu\u015fumu konusunda ifade vermedi. Gizli polis, yani GPU, 1932\u2019den itibaren bir birle\u015fik blo\u011fun olu\u015fturulmakta oldu\u011funu, ancak 1935 ve 1936\u2019da, 1934\u2019\u00fcn Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Kirov\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan, yeni bir tutuklama dalgas\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131nca ve pek \u00e7ok insan a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fkencelerden ge\u00e7irildikten sonra \u00f6\u011frenebildi. Bu, Stalin\u2019i B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fc ba\u015flatmaya y\u00f6nelten ana etkenlerden biriydi.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp Moskova Duru\u015fmalar\u0131\u2019na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu d\u00fczmece duru\u015fmada s\u00f6ylenenlerin y\u00fczde 90\u2019n\u0131n\u0131n hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir yalanlar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliriz. San\u0131klar Gestapo ajan\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131, yabanc\u0131 devletler i\u00e7in ajanl\u0131k yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, sabotajlar d\u00fczenlediklerini vb. itiraf ettiler. Ancak \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen iddialar\u0131n y\u00fczde 10\u2019a yak\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fruydu. Bu insanlar kendi aralar\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve Stalin\u2019in kli\u011fini y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in kavga vermi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r sadece Stalin\u2019in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen muhalefetten gittik\u00e7e daha fazla korkar hale gelmesinden kaynaklanm\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli d\u0131\u015f politika konular\u0131yla da ili\u015fkiliydi. Tro\u00e7ki D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019i kurmaya y\u00f6nelik olarak ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketin etraf\u0131nda daha fazla taraftar toplad\u0131k\u00e7a, Stalin, Tro\u00e7ki\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin artan etkisinden gittik\u00e7e daha fazla korku duyar oldu.<\/p>\n<p>Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kom\u00fcnist partileri b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle Stalin taraf\u0131ndan maniple edilmekte olan Komintern\u2019e tam anlam\u0131yla sad\u0131k olsalar da, hemen her \u00fclkede gittik\u00e7e daha fazla say\u0131da, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019i destekleyen Tro\u00e7kist muhalefet gruplar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Komintern\u2019in ar\u015fivlerinde, muhalefetin hemen her \u00fclkede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011funu, muhalefetin sendikalarda ve sosyalist partilerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etkiye sahip oldu\u011funu ve say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kimi \u00fclkelerde birka\u00e7 bine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dahili kullan\u0131m amac\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok belge bulunabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ya\u015fanmakta olan i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n sonucunun, bir ikinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede etkili olaca\u011f\u0131 \u0130spanya\u2019da, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Marksist parti, POUM vard\u0131; bu parti D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019den kopmu\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, tutarl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anti-Stalinist politikalar izlemeye devam ediyordu. Stalin\u2019in D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmas\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede Stalinize edilmi\u015f Komintern\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 bir tehdit olu\u015fturmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duydu\u011fu korku onu B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fc ba\u015flatmak zorunda oldu\u011fu sonucuna varmaya itti. B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r sadece Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki binlerce kurban\u0131 da silip yok etti.<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u00e7bir zaman unutmamam\u0131z gerekir ki, o s\u0131ralarda kapitalist Avrupa\u2019daki rejimlerin yar\u0131ya yak\u0131n\u0131 ya fa\u015fist ya da yar\u0131-fa\u015fist totaliter rejimlerdi. Bir\u00e7ok kom\u00fcnist, sosyalist ve demokratik kafa yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip insan bu \u00fclkelerden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden siyasi s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma hakk\u0131 talep etmi\u015fti. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde on binlerce yabanc\u0131 kom\u00fcnist ve kom\u00fcnizm sempatizan\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131na B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r s\u0131ras\u0131nda yok edildi.<\/p>\n<p>Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki bu siyasi g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin, burjuva demokratik \u00fclkelerden gelmi\u015f olsalar bile nas\u0131l korkun\u00e7 bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok say\u0131da belge bulunabilir. S\u00f6zgelimi \u00f6nde gelen Avustralyal\u0131 bir kom\u00fcnistin kar\u0131s\u0131 olan Audrey Blake, 1930\u2019larda b\u00fct\u00fcn yabanc\u0131 haberlerin engellendi\u011fini ve Tro\u00e7ki\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri hakk\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n lanetlendi\u011fini yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde, o y\u0131llarda b\u00fct\u00fcn Tro\u00e7kist literat\u00fcr\u00fcn yasaklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f olan bir\u00e7ok eski kom\u00fcnistle bir araya gelme \u015fans\u0131m oldu. \u00d6nderlerinin duydu\u011fu korku o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ki onlar\u0131n bu t\u00fcrden \u015feyler okumalar\u0131na izin vermeyi bile reddediyorlard\u0131. Yine de B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 basit\u00e7e Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde kendisini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle Ekim devrimine ve sosyalizme adam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n binlerce ve binlercesinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclerek ve tutuklanarak kurban edilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez. Bu konu, bunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meyi gerektirir.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6rle ilgili haberler bat\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, binlerce, belki de y\u00fcz binlerce insan sosyalizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden korkuyla uzakla\u015ft\u0131lar. Ba\u015fka ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bu insanlar d\u00fcnya tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck uluslararas\u0131 siyasi hareket olan, kom\u00fcnist hareket i\u00e7inde yer almaya haz\u0131r olacak insanlard\u0131. Ancak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri \u015fey kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler ve sosyalizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi g\u00f6zlerinden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6rden \u00e7e\u015fitli kom\u00fcnist partilerin sa\u011f olarak kurtulan \u00f6nderleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve Stalin\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelmi\u015flerdi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendi yolda\u015flar\u0131na zulmedilmesinde rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n<p>1930\u2019larda \u00e7ok tiksindirici ve soysuzca bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 bug\u00fcnlerde Stalinizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele vermi\u015f insanlar olarak h\u00fcrmetle an\u0131l\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda 1956 Macaristan ayaklanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f olan Macar kom\u00fcnist \u00f6nder Imre Nagy yer al\u0131yor. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan belgeler Nagy\u2019nin 1929 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde siyasi g\u00f6\u00e7men oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. 1930\u2019da Nagy NKVD\u2019nin paral\u0131 ajan\u0131 haline geldi ve onun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihbarlar \u00fczerine onlarca Macar, Alman ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden kom\u00fcnistler tutukland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Yugoslav kom\u00fcnisti Tito\u2019nun NKVD\u2019nin paral\u0131 bir ajan\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren do\u011frudan bir kan\u0131t bulunmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n pek \u00e7ok belge onun Yugoslav kom\u00fcnist partisindeki Tro\u00e7kistlere kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fevkle temizlik harek\u00e2t\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steriyor. Sadece Moskova\u2019da 800\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde Yugoslav tutukland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1939\u2019da Tito Yugoslavya\u2019ya partinin ba\u015f\u0131 olarak d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve temizli\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ve derinle\u015ftirilmesini istedi. Tito bu g\u00f6revin sorumlulu\u011funu, aralar\u0131nda Milovan Jilas\u2019\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu di\u011fer kom\u00fcnistlere verdi.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u2019larda, 70\u2019lerde ve 80\u2019lerde \u00fcnl\u00fc bir muhalif haline gelen Jilas an\u0131lar\u0131nda temizlikler s\u0131ras\u0131nda oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rolden hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z etmedi, ancak \u015fu ilgin\u00e7 olay\u0131 anlatt\u0131. 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada, ya\u015fl\u0131 bir Yugoslav kom\u00fcnist tutukland\u0131. Bu adam 1937 temizliklerinden sadece Moskova\u2019ya gitmeyi kabul etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in sa\u011f olarak kurtulmu\u015ftu. Sonradan Moskova\u2019da Yugoslav ve di\u011fer kom\u00fcnistlerin nas\u0131l zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini anlatan \u201cSovyet Thermidorunun Bilan\u00e7osu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir kitap yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Jilas bu adam\u0131n Tito\u2019nun emriyle tutuklan\u0131p, a\u011f\u0131r bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015fkenceden ge\u00e7irilmesine ve d\u00f6v\u00fclmesine kar\u015f\u0131n bir yabanc\u0131 ajan oldu\u011funu itiraf etmeyi reddetti\u011fini anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki etkilerinden s\u00f6z edeceksek, Bol\u015fevik tarz\u0131 bilincin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortadan kayboldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememiz gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu t\u00fcr bilin\u00e7 sosyalist e\u015fitlik ideallerine ve enternasyonalizme ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve partide birinin \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde bir konumda olmas\u0131n\u0131n kendisine ayr\u0131cal\u0131k sa\u011flamas\u0131na izin vermemek olarak nitelendirilebilir. Bu bilin\u00e7, ayn\u0131 zamanda, dava i\u00e7in \u00f6zveride bulunmaya g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmak olarak nitelendirilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlikler yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, Stalin\u2019in izledi\u011fi siyasi hat boyunca uygulamaya koydu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi \u00e7ok zor olurdu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn kurban\u0131 olanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek anti-fa\u015fist ruhla b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve e\u011fitilmi\u015flerdi. E\u011fer sa\u011f kalm\u0131\u015f olsalard\u0131, e\u011fer yok edilmemi\u015f olsalard\u0131, Stalin i\u00e7in 1939\u2019da Ribbentrop-Molotov pakt\u0131n\u0131 imzalamak \u00e7ok daha zor olurdu. Ve e\u011fer bu pakt s\u00f6z konusu olmasayd\u0131, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 tarihte ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015fekilde ba\u015flamayabilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r s\u0131ras\u0131nda yok edilenler, ger\u00e7ek enternasyonalistler, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f olsalard\u0131, Stalin Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekte resmi devlet politikas\u0131 haline gelen anti-Semitizmi uygulamaya koyamazd\u0131 ya da bunu yapabilecek olsa bile \u00e7ok zorluk \u00e7ekerdi.<\/p>\n<p>Kimi zaman yeni \u00fcyeler, kimi zaman da 1937\u2019de yeni se\u00e7ilenler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir ku\u015fak, ekonomi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve orduda partinin y\u00fcksek mevkilerine do\u011fru y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu insanlar daha \u00f6nce hayal bile edemeyecekleri y\u00fcksek mevkilere geldiler.<\/p>\n<p>Bu konumlar\u0131 elde eden insanlar\u0131n Bol\u015fevizmle hi\u00e7bir ba\u011f\u0131 ve Marksizm\u2019e hi\u00e7bir ideolojik ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu insanlar\u0131n SSCB\u2019deki siyasi yap\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten koku\u015fman\u0131n en kaba saba bi\u00e7imlerine \u00e7ok kolayca kap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu insanlar Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde hemen hemen 50 y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcreyle iktidarda kald\u0131lar. Ve bunlar \u00fclkenin ahlaki ve ideolojik ya\u015fam\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yabanc\u0131 salt kinik bir nesil yeti\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n<p>Bu t\u00fcr insanlar\u0131n iktidar mevkilerinde bulunmalar\u0131, \u00fclkenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netiyor olmalar\u0131, mevcut sistemi son 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l bu kadar kolayl\u0131kla parampar\u00e7a edebildiklerini a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor. \u00d6nce toplumun ideolojik kabu\u011funu \u00e7atlatt\u0131lar, daha sonra onu siyasi olarak tahrip ettiler.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eu ana kadar tarih toplumsal yap\u0131da keskin bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, bu de\u011fi\u015fimin iktidarda \u00f6nde gelen mevkileri elinde tutan insanlara yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Ne var ki durum Rusya\u2019da ve eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi cumhuriyetlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funda b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131. Rusya\u2019da, Ukrayna\u2019da, Balt\u0131klarda ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok eski cumhuriyetlerde rejimin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunanlar eski parti nomenklatura, eski parti b\u00fcrokrasisi ve se\u00e7kini \u00fcyeleri. Bu insanlar\u0131 Bol\u015fevikler ya da Leninistler olarak adland\u0131rmak ger\u00e7eklerle tam anlam\u0131yla alay etmek olur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu insanlara damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran \u015fey tam bir ideolojik ilkesizlik ve bununla bir araya gelen, Bol\u015fevizmin ideallerine son derece d\u00fc\u015fman olan milliyet\u00e7i bir y\u00f6neli\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu \u015fekilde, onlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fclkemizde ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturulan 15 yeni devlette h\u00e2l\u00e2 hissedilmeye devam ediyor ve bu \u00fclkelerin hepsi kendilerine y\u0131k\u0131m getiren ko\u015fullarla y\u00fcz y\u00fczeler.&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/tr\/articles\/2020\/08\/12\/rog3-a12.html<\/p>\n<p>Es gibt viele Menschen in Russland, die immer noch hinter Stalin stehen&#8230;<br \/>\nSehr viele sogar&#8230;<br \/>\nEine \u00e4hnliche Situation in der T\u00fcrkei&#8230;<br \/>\nVon wegen Padi\u015fah und so&#8230;<br \/>\nIch sage NUR informiert euch aus unterschiedlichen Quellen&#8230;<br \/>\nUnd fangt an zu Denken&#8230;<br \/>\nWas immer auch dabei rauskommt, es WIRD euere Meinung sein&#8230;<br \/>\nViele&#8230;<br \/>\nSind zu bequem, h\u00f6ren sagen&#8230;<br \/>\nReicht ihnen.<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\ude42<br \/>\nQuantencomputer&#8230;<br \/>\nSchon vergessen?<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"RuzIU7fViI\"><p><a href=\"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/?p=75096\">Umuda bin kur\u015fun s\u0131ksa da \u00f6l\u00fcm, unutma umuda kur\u015fun i\u015flemez g\u00fcl\u00fcm. &#8211; Naz\u0131m Hikmet<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8222;Umuda bin kur\u015fun s\u0131ksa da \u00f6l\u00fcm, unutma umuda kur\u015fun i\u015flemez g\u00fcl\u00fcm. &#8211; Naz\u0131m Hikmet&#8220; &#8212; \u00d6nder G\u00fcrb\u00fcz\" src=\"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/?p=75096&#038;embed=true#?secret=RuzIU7fViI\" data-secret=\"RuzIU7fViI\" width=\"525\" height=\"296\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Das Voynich-Manuskript<\/strong><br \/>\nIST DAS bekannteste Beispiel&#8230;<br \/>\nAuf t\u00fcrkisch&#8230;<br \/>\n\ud83d\ude09<br \/>\nAuch Quantencomputer konnten es nicht &#8222;entziffern&#8220;<br \/>\n&#8212; Die menschliche Inteligenz &#8212;<br \/>\nWAS habe ich IMMER der <strong>GEZI Jugend<\/strong> angeraten, ich stehe wenn n\u00f6tig hinter euch&#8230;<br \/>\nBenutzt k\u00f6pfchen, <strong>KEINE<\/strong> standatisierten Verschl\u00fc\u00dfellungsmethoden&#8230;<br \/>\n&gt;&gt;&gt; Die ZEIT, als faktor &lt;&lt;&lt;<br \/>\nE. Musk und al die anderen&#8230;<br \/>\nGoogle voran&#8230;<br \/>\nIch wollte es ohnehin schreiben&#8230;<br \/>\n&#8212; Unser Gehirn &#8212;<br \/>\nHandy&#8217;s usw.<br \/>\nSteuerung per &#8222;Gehirnwellen&#8220;<br \/>\nAberrrrrrrrrrrrrr klar&#8230;<br \/>\n&#8222;Wir&#8230;<br \/>\nWerden&#8220; das Handy steuern. Und wer uns?<br \/>\nWer braucht schon&#8230;<br \/>\nTouchscreens???<\/p>\n<p>KI&#8230;<br \/>\nKam in den Tayyip Nachrichten, jemand hat seine tote Mutter&#8230;<br \/>\nNach ihrem Tod zum Antworten gebracht. die Verwanten stellten Fragen die KI antwortete&#8230;<br \/>\nAUCH als hologram&#8230;<br \/>\nIch m\u00f6chte nicht in so einer Welt leben&#8230;<br \/>\nNEIN&#8230;<br \/>\nDas WILL ich NICHT!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cogito, ergo sum Jemand von WERT Ich habe gerade mit meiner Schwester gesprochen; Gasabschlag&#8230; Von 120 auf 360 \u20ac im Monat! Es ist egal ob die T\u00fcrkei oder Deutschland, beide sind wichtig f\u00fcr mich&#8230; Auch wenn ihr es mir nicht glauben m\u00f6gt&#8230; Mein Werdegang&#8230; Ich habe so manches gesehen und erlebt! Schuldenuhr Europas UND DAS &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/?p=104061\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u201eVergesst bitte nicht, ihr bewegt euch in meiner Welt\u201c<\/span> weiterlesen<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104061"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=104061"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104061\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":104085,"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104061\/revisions\/104085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=104061"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=104061"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wordpress.gurbuz.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=104061"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}